Biography of Thomas Jennings, Invented Dry-Cleaning

Biography of Thomas Jennings, Invented Dry-Cleaning Thomas Jennings (1791–Feb. 12, 1856), a free-born African-American and New Yorker who became a leader of the abolitionist movement, made his fortune as the inventor of a dry-cleaning process called â€Å"dry scouring.† Jennings was 30 years old when he received his patent on March 3, 1821 (U.S. patent 3306x), becoming the first African-American inventor to own the rights to his invention. Fast Facts: Thomas Jennings Known For: First African-American to be granted a patentAlso Known As: Thomas L. JenningsBorn: 1791 in  New York CityDied: Feb. 12, 1856 in  New York CitySpouse: ElizabethChildren: Matilda, Elizabeth, James E.Notable Quote: Among the leading matters which would occupy the attention of the meeting, were several important documents lately received from Europe, expressive of the sentiments that a very considerable portion of the people of the British Empire entertained respecting the deplorable situation of the colored people in the United States. Early Life and Career Jennings was born in 1791 in New York City.  He started his career as a tailor and eventually opened one of New York’s leading clothing shops. Inspired by frequent requests for cleaning advice, he began researching cleaning solutions. Jennings found that many of his customers were unhappy when their clothing became soiled. However, because of the material used to make the garments, conventional methods at the time were ineffective in cleaning them. Invents Dry Cleaning Jennings began experimenting with different solutions and cleaning agents. He tested them on various fabrics until he found the right combination to treat and clean them. He called his method â€Å"dry-scouring,† a process now known as dry cleaning. Jennings filed for a patent in 1820 and was granted a patent for the dry-scouring (dry cleaning) process he had invented just a year later.  Tragically, the original patent was lost in a fire. But by then, Jennings process of using solvents to clean clothes was well-known and widely heralded. Jennings spent the first money he earned from his patent on legal fees to buy his family out of slavery. After that, most of his income went to his abolitionist activities. In 1831, Jennings became assistant secretary for the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in Philadelphia. Legal Issues Luckily for Jennings, he filed his patent at the right time. Under the United States patent laws of 1793 and 1836, both slaves and free citizens could patent their inventions. However, in 1857, a slave-owner named Oscar Stuart patented a double cotton scraper that was invented by his slave. Historical records only show the real inventors name as being Ned. Stuarts reasoning for his action was that the master is the owner of the fruits of the labor of the slave both manual and intellectual. In 1858, the U.S. patent office changed its patent regulations in response to a Supreme Court case related to Stuarts patent called Oscar Stuart v. Ned. The court ruled in favor of Stuart, noting that slaves were not citizens and could not be granted patents. But surprisingly, in 1861, the Confederate States of America passed a law granting patent rights to slaves. In 1870, the U.S. government passed a patent law giving all American men including blacks the rights to their inventions. Later Years and Death Jennings daughter, Elizabeth, an activist like her father, was the plaintiff in a landmark lawsuit after being thrown off a New York City streetcar while on the way to church. With support from her father, Elizabeth sued the Third Avenue Railroad Company for discrimination and won her case in 1855. The day after the verdict, the company ordered its cars desegregated. After the incident, Jennings organized a movement against racial segregation in public transit in the city; the services were provided by private companies. The same year, Jennings was one of the founders of the Legal Rights Association, a group that organized challenges to discrimination and segregation and gained legal representation to take cases to court. Jennings died just a few years later in 1859, which was itself just a few years before the practiced he so reviled- slavery- was abolished. Legacy A decade after Elizabeth Jennings won her case, all New York City streetcar companies stopped practicing segregation. Jennings and his daughter had a hand the effort to desegregate public facilities, a movement that lasted well into the Civil Rights Era a century later. Indeed, civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s 1963 I Have a Dream speech in Washington, D.C., echoed many of the convictions that Jennings and his daughter had expressed and fought for 100 years before. And the dry-scouring process Jennings invented is essentially the same method used by dry cleaning businesses worldwide to this day. Sources Chamberlain, Gaius. â€Å"Thomas Jennings.†Ã‚  The Black Inventor Online Museum, Gaius Chamberlain.â€Å"Thomas Jennings.†Ã‚  Ms. Darbus: Well Call It, Senior Year! Sharpay Evans: [Sarcastically] Genius., quotes.net.Volk, Kyle G. Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. Oxford University Press, New York.

An Unlikely Source of Gratitude †and How it Changes Lives

An Unlikely Source of Gratitude – and How it Changes Lives I don’t pay much attention to my Facebook news feed, but this morning I woke up to something that caught my attention. My friend Jacob in Minneapolis had posted a message of gratitude. Gratitude that he was alive, and that he has such a supportive community of friends and family. This sort of message might not be an attention grabber if it weren’t for its context: Jacob, an avid cyclist, had been hit by a minivan on his way to work the day before his message. The story was newsworthy: the driver of the minivan had just tried to hang a toddler in her home and had hit and dragged another pedestrian for blocks as well. Jacob chose to focus on gratitude. Thankfully, Jacob escaped with his life and two breaks in his leg that required surgery. For someone whose life is focused around cycling, dancing, and skiing, an injury like this could be devastating. But, despite the fact that my friend’s bike was crushed, his spirits most definitely were not. Last year, another friend who makes his living through physical performance had a major injury that sidelined him for months. He expressed similar gratitude and has made a full, bright recovery. And there’s always the remarkable James Hinchcliffe, the only person ever to survive the type of severe internal injuries he incurred in a 2015 race car driving accident. After a remarkable recovery, he is one of the favorites on the current season of Dancing with the Stars and reports about the crash, Every day I wake up with an attitude and an outlook on life that I wouldnt have had without it. So Im reminded every day of all the good that came out of it. A famous 1978 study of recent paraplegics found that they are equally as happy if not happier than recent lottery winners – largely because they are able to gain pleasure from everyday activities that might not give pleasure to someone who has just acquired an outside item. The pleasure of a win can fade, but the pleasure of appreciating life does not. Jacob’s story, and other stories of survivors, are great examples of how gratitude can make a difference and inspire others. Perhaps because of his spirit, a GoFundMe campaign easily surpassed its $5,000 goal in just one day, climbing quickly (through almost 200 donations of $100 or less) toward the $7,000 mark. People like gratitude. Gratitude inspires gratitude! Yesterday a friend said to me, â€Å"Life it great! It is different every day!† I agree, and this week especially I am remembering to appreciate all the gifts it offers – especially those that might not look like gifts on the surface. I wish the same for you as you head into Thanksgiving week. Can you find gratitude for something you might not have felt grateful for? That’s a practice that will lead to a joyous life. Save Save Save

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Media - Essay Example However, there are a few disadvantages of web publications. For instance, traditional print sources go through an extensive publication process that includes editing and article review. The process has fact-checkers, multiple reviewers, and editors to ensure quality of publication. Where as anyone with a computer and access to the Internet can publish a website or electronic document. Most web documents do not have editors, fact-checkers, or other types of reviewers. Qualifications of an author are almost always necessary for print sources. Only qualified authors are likely to have their manuscripts accepted for publication. In web publication even if the author and purpose of a website can be determined, the qualifications of the author are not always given (Driscoll, 2006). There are still individuals who lack the computer knowledge and access, print media would be of great use to such individuals. The appearance of the internet gave the written word a renewed importance. Electronic publishing might be the next best thing since the printing press, but it might not be very good business to throw out the paper publishing equipment yet. The success of electronic publishing depends on consumers being able to access, browse and purchase, and as of October of 2003 only 61.8% of United States households had computers, and only 54.6% of U.S. households had internet connection (Gallagher, M. & Cooper, K., 2004). Electronic publishing would not be available to over 45% of the households in the U.S., people within those households would have to electronically published newspapers and books at school, work, library or within businesses that provide internet service to the public for a fee. While the delivery technique for scientific publications has changed rapidly, the economic ramifications have hardly changed at all. The extremely low marginal costs of selling information over the Inte rnet favor the use of sales and marketing strategies such as

Investment banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investment banking - Essay Example They reflect the earnings that the target will generate in future (Rosenbaum & Pearl, 2013: 389).   Fourthly, there are synergies. These are the resulting combined effect which is often greater than the sum of the organization’s individual effects. It is the increased effectiveness resulting when the two organization work together. Sizeable synergies usually help in offsetting the financial convention thereby resulting in accretive acquisitions. The fifth key driver is form of financing that is adopted and most notably, it entails the debt and equity mix (Rosenbaum & Pearl, 2013: 389). It represents the proportion of debt and equity. And finally, there is cost of debt which is normally the cost of borrowing funds by the organization. The LBO analysis often has a number of primary functions. First it for the most part gives a floor or benchmark valuation for the organization, and is helpful in figuring out what a financial sponsor is able to afford to pay for the target and still stand a chance of realizing a satisfactory or adequate profit for its venture or investment. The second primary function of LBO (leveraged buyouts) analysis is to give companies an opportunity of making large acquisition of other ventures without necessarily having to commit a substantial amount of capital. This helps companies to easily acquire the target (Rosenbaum & Pearl, 2013).   The other primary function of LBO analysis is the determination of financing structure for the target. LBO analysis help organization is determining the amount of capital, the type of capital as well as the terms of debt or equity for the target. This therefore facilitates the process of acquisition of the target. On the other hand, LBO analysis assists in mergers and acquisition (M&A) advisory. This primary function aids in determining an implied range of valuation for any given target in the acquisition process. The LBO analysis is used to determine valuation with the help of key value drivers

I am going to explain how I would direct the final part of Act3 in order :: Drama

I am going to explain how I would direct the final part of Act3 in order to highlight the dramatic tension and to show the audience Priestly's message concerning social responsibility! An inspector calls "An Inspector Calls" -Out Line- I am going to explain how I would direct the final part of Act3 in order to highlight the dramatic tension and to show the audience Priestly's message concerning social responsibility! -Introduction- In 1945 JB Priestly made a play called "An inspector calls". Priestly belived that tho's who were wealthier should pay more taxes. So the government could pay for a state wellfair like NHS and education. He believed this because he was a socialist and belived in fairness. He knew lower class people were not payed much but still had to give virtually all their money away. The state wellfair system would make it fairer! Lower classed people did much more for the country than the upperclasses. The play was written in 1945 but set in 1912. This was done so the audience would realise how arrogant the upper class was. This is shown by Mr Birling where he says; "The germans don't want a war. Nobody wants war, except some half civilised folks in the Bolkans." This shows how arrogant Mr Birling is as the audience knew there were two world wars between 1912 and 1945. And as I said it was the lower classed people who did more for the country, it was the lower classed people who fought in thos two world wars. -An Inspector calls- At the beginning before the inspector leaves they are all feeling increadibly upset and angry at each other. Priestly shows this in a stage direction. Mrs Birling is "Distressed" when she finds out about Erics involvement with Eva Smith. She is depressed because she said how she wouldn't let the inspector catch her as she has nothing to hide but when the Inspector tells her this information she is deeply upset. I would have Mrs Birling sit down at this point if she isn't already sat down and hold her head in her hands, crying and have Sheila showing no sympathy for her mother as she tried telling her that the inspector would get the better of her. -Dramatic Tension in ACT 3- The most dramatic part of the play "An inspector calls" is where the adults are feeling joyuss and happy with them selves, after a phone call to the police asking if the Inspector is real and that no girl is dead. This is shown by Mr Birlings reaction towards Sheila and Eric. As they are still feeling upset as they know each others personal

Ski Jacket

The analysis conducted shows the importance of quantity production variability on the profit maximizing verge. A range of values is presented by four Regional Sales Managers; each region includes the minimum, most likely and maximum sales values of a random variable. The sample data is described as simple, limited, and somewhat scarce; therefore, given the grade of uncertainty, the most appropriate and suitable distribution to use is the Triangular distribution. The Monte Carlo Simulation from Microsoft Excel @Risk, will calculate â€Å"a model output value many times with different input values. The purpose is to get a complete range of all possible scenerios. †1 For the Region 1 the demand is generated from (3000, 4000, 8000) with a mean of 5000. One point of interest in the data is the variability of the values. According to the parameters of this data the coefficient of variability is 22%. The graph is right skewed, as we see the mean (5000) is right to the median (4875), and the median is right to the mode (4000); its peak represents the most likely value (4000). According to the input the total demand average generated for this region is 5000 jackets. For the Region 2 the demand is generated from (2000, 4000, 5000) with a mean of 3667. One point of interest in the data is the variability of the values. According to the parameters of this data the coefficient of variability is 17%. The graph is left skewed, as we see the mean (3667) is relatively close, but left to the median (3717), and the median is also close, and left to the mode (4013); its peak represents the most likely value (4000). According to the input the total demand average generated for this region is 3667 jackets. For the Region 3 the demand is generated from (1500, 2000, 3500) with a mean of 2333. One point of interest in the data is the variability of the values. According to the parameters of this data the coefficient of variability is 18%. The graph is left skewed, as we see the mean (2,333) is left to the median (2269), and the median left to the mode (2242); its peak represents the most likely value (2000). According to the input the total demand average generated for this region is 2333 jackets. For the Region 4 the demand is generated from (500, 1000, 1500) with a mean of 1000. One point of interest in the data is the variability of the values. According to the parameters of this data the coefficient of variability is 20%. The graph perfectly symmetric, the peak represents the most likely value (1000). According to the input the total demand average generated for this region is 1000 jackets. When the four Regional demands are summarize (5000, 3667, 2333, 1000) we totalize an estimate value of 12000 jackets. The four Regions have different means, standard deviation; the tendencies of the values are they decrease from Region 1 to Region 4. Beside the values provided by the four Regional Sales Managers, 12 Egress employees have independently estimated demand for the upcoming season. Using the same program described above, the sample data generated a mean of 11750, standard deviation 3678, and an IQR of 5039. The best distribution fit for the sample appears to be triangular. If compared to the Regional Manager’s demand, the mean generated from the employ ees’ estimate (11750) is very close to the total demand estimated by the triangular distribution (12000) from the manager’s data. The most appealing option, between the two demand estimates, is the Regional Manager’s demand as it leads to the possibility of generating triangular distribution estimates, easy to understand and visualize any effect of any changes, which will result in positive decision making. There are three different quantities of production levels projected for the upcoming season (7800, 12000, 14000). According to the previous demand estimates, the total quantity demanded is 12000. Therefore, the production level of 7800 jackets does not match the demand estimated; there is a demand shortage of 4200 jackets, which will result in disadvantage, explained as follows. When compared this quantity level of production with the 12000 production level, there is an $84,000 profit difference between both levels, which makes us determine that between both the most appealing alternative for profit maximization is the 12000 production level. On the other hand, the 14000 production level generated a total profit estimate of $40,000; his amount can be translated into a loss of $100,000 when compared to the 12000 production level. Meaning that, 2000 extra jackets produced over the estimated demand will be sold at $30 per unit instead of $100. However, if these 2000 extra jackets were to be sold at full price ($100 per unit) profits would increase by $40,000. Finally, when comparing all three production levels, we can conclude that the most suitable alternative, that comprises t he most benefits, in terms of profit maximization, is the 12000 quantity production level.

The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay - 2383 Words

Report Name Abraham Lincoln paved a path of equality and freedom for slaves and people of the 1800s as well as having a major impact on society and government; Abraham Lincoln s engagement with the public people skyrocketed his career as being a president and a suitable leader to the people of the United States of America. Born on February 12th, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky, Abraham Lincoln in his later years would be known as one of the most influential leaders of all time. Abraham Lincoln was born into a poverty-stricken and illiterate family in the backwoods of Kentucky. Although the greater part of his family was uneducated, Lincoln strived to better educate himself regardless of his families finical and social situation. As a juvenile, Lincoln stood out among many. In his later years, Lincoln found himself in the town of New Salem with a job at a general store. Lincoln used many of his survival skills learned as a child, such as the capability to split trees and performing other hard work, this created a platform for himself and made a name for himself among the community of New Salem. At age twenty-three young Lincoln started his political career. The same year he moved to Salem, he began to run for the general assembly of New Salem. Soon after his announcement of running for general assembly, the infamous Black Hawk War began. While Lincoln was still in the running for general assembly, in place of campaigning, Lincoln turned his efforts in other directions.Show MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1958 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership and Legacy: Background Research Paper Abraham Lincoln By:Audrey Knight Introduction Great leader and main topic Abraham Lincoln lived in the 1800’s where he accomplished many things in his 54 years of life. He lived in the U.S. through several major events in history and left a legacy that will never be forgotten. As the 16th president of the United States he brought about the emancipation of slavery, preserved the Union during the Civil War, and served the people. His heroic leadershipRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln933 Words   |  4 PagesSynopsis Regarded as one of the United States of America greatest heroes, Abraham Lincoln is famous for his unique appeal and incredible impact on the nation. He was the United States 16th president. His story is an astounding one rising from a humble background to become the most powerful man the land. However, at the time when his country needed him most, a tragic and sudden death strikes him. He is assassinated. He left a legacy that endured due to his unique humane personality as a leader of the unionRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1217 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln was born in the year 1809 on February 12th in the town of Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. Growing up Lincoln had no proper education, consequently he read books and educated himself. During Lincoln’s young adult years, he worked a various number of jobs as a shopkeeper, surveyor, and a postmaster. In 1832, Lincoln became a captain of the Hawk War against the Native Americans. Shortly a fter the war was over, he began his political career and was elected to theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1817 Words   |  8 Pagesmore than any of these other men: Abraham Lincoln, the man who freed the slaves. Abraham Lincoln, born February 12, 1809 in Hodgenville, Kentucky, is widely considered to be one of the greatest presidents to have ever been in office. During the course of his presidency, Lincoln not only lead the Union during the Civil War and tried to unify the nation through a harsh time of crisis, conflict, and bloodshed: through his beliefs, his example and his legacy, Lincoln freed the slaves, gave them the rightRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln Essay2382 Words   |  10 PagesAbraham Lincoln paved a path of equality and freedom for slaves and people of the 1800s as well as having a major impact on society and government; Abraham Lincoln s engagement with the public people skyrocketed his career as being a president and a suitable leader to the people of the United States of America. Born on February 12th, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky, Abraham Lincoln in his later years would be known as one of the most influential leaders of all time. Abraham Lincoln was born intoRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1826 Words   |  8 Pages Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential election, was a beacon of hope for many slaves in America. Becoming the 16th president of the United States serving from 1861 to 1865, Abraham Lincoln is one of America’s most celebrated heroes. Holding office during the years of the American Civil War, Lincoln preserved the Union, while creating a new era that consisted of emancipated African American slaves. After winning a victory at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, he issuedRead MoreLegacy Of Abraham Lincoln s Legacy Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesLegacy Leader: Abraham Lincoln A legacy leader is someone who has left a positive and lasting impression in society due to his or her leadership qualities and/or traits. Abraham Lincoln is a prime example of a legacy leader due to the leadership traits he displayed throughout his presidency. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He exhibited great leadership qualities such as integrity, duty, and selfless service. Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and hisRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1500 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been studied more than any other in American history. In fact, over 15,000 different books have been written about our 16th president. Throughout the pages of these books, President Lincoln is affectionately referred to by many different names, such as the Railsplitter, Honest Abe, and the Great Emancipator. A vast majority of these written works honor Lincoln as one of our greatest presidents. Not everyone feels that way, however. Charles Adams, in his book, When in the CourseRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1292 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been called the greatest president in all of American history. His principles were dedicated to the survival of the United States during one of the most gruesome and bloody wars in the country s history, the American Civil War. During his presidency, he fought for the emancipation of slaves because he believed the institution of slavery was morally unjust. His ideals, which appealed to the founding principles of the country, energized and mobilized the union and kept it aliveRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln928 Words   |  4 PagesP. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). †¢ David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (Simon Schuster, 2004). †¢ Roy Morris Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln’s Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America (Bison Books, 2010). 5. Similar Articles: †¢ Mary Frances Berry, â€Å"Lincoln and Civil Rights for Blacks,† Volume 2, Issue 1, 1980, pp. 46-57 (Journal of The Abraham Lincoln Association)