Rene Descartes The Personalist vs. the Naturalist Viewpoint

We can use the word history in so many ways and it can have so many meanings and usages. We often find that using the term history without considering the underlying concepts can be troublesome at best. In some instances we use the word history to articulate an actual event that has happened prior to today. We can also say history to show a timeline that includes a group of events or actions. We try to learn from history but often find ourselves repeating the patterns depending on if we have learned anything previous history, sometimes repeating because we did learn effective uses of past history. We want things to be consistent, in our minds we want to repeat those things that went well and avoid the things that did not. So many†¦show more content†¦He separated the mind and the body into two separate and very different parts. The mind was considered a non-material object. This concept of mind did not follow any of the laws of nature. He viewed the body as the mater ial part of the person which contained tubes that would carry thoughts from the mind, almost as a rope on a marionette would to help the body move. Ironically, Descartes who was credited with mind body separation has been buried with his head/mind in one place and his body in yet another due to his coffin being too short. (Thorne, 1999) Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"great man† theory, the personalistic theory states that there are few individuals that we deem different or unique and that they are created with an extraordinary inner quality that gives them abilities to perform extraordinary tasks. From a scientific perspective or history this ability would then give them the ability to change history, to create new things with nothing more than just their mind. They can shape the way we think and the way we do things with little more than ideas or concepts. As a society we may consider them â€Å"genius†. That individual shapes not only his life by his individulal behaviors but also the lives of others (E.G. Boring, 1950). We often refer to things as someone’s idea, theory, or belief and this personalistic view shows that personalism vs. naturalism still exists in today’s society. Great leaders like Martin Luther King, Hitler, Freud,

Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech

Rosa Parks once said, â€Å"Stand for something or you will fall for anything.† Because this is one of the most influential quotes of all-time, Martin Luther King Jr. did not fail to expound on her statement. In his life as well as Martin Luther King Jr.’s, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, he was an avid and determined African American striving for racial equality. He allowed for others to follow his lead and to continue his legacy as the U.S continues to live on as a nation of freedom, liberty, and security. King’s presentation addresses the African American race, expressing a daring opinion for the whites of North America to consider them in the United States today, making the speech one of the most fascinating U.S jargons in history. King’s â€Å" I†¦show more content†¦Rosa Parks, among others, inspired him to continue engaging in equality protests, for the freedoms of our country. This speech not only was based off influences but of his previous actions and approaches as well. Esteeming others to attempt the same feat he accomplished allows for this speech to be considered â€Å"great† by this country. Martin Luther King Jr., when he spoke up for his race, paved the way for others to prepare themselves to perform conquests similar to his. In King’s speech, King Jr. exemplified the possible future when he stated â€Å" ...will be able to join hands and to sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last, free at last: thank God Almighty, we are free at last.†(286). This revealed a last hope to the generations to come. It guides the next generations to follow his lead, to show demonstrations of freedom. He is our counterpart. He is allowed for certain actions to based off him, negative and positive. Such things as the 1964 riots of New York, Jersey City, Chicago, and Philadelphia were a result of the African Americans having a belief, and exerting that belief to come true or else. This, however, destroyed our country as people were killed, buildings were diminished, and police forces were brutally attacked. On the other hand, actions such as the 1963 marches in Washington were peaceful, with no arrests. King’s generation, as well as future ones,Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1230 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech Professor Hailemarkos Worke ENGL 102 Sefra Belay September 29, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Washington DC, on August 28, 1963 was the day that Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. According to Kennedy X.J., et al. in their book, The Brief Bedford Reader, Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister who became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech724 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis M.L.K â€Å"I have a dream† Speech On August 28th 1963, Civil Rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. made his infamous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In the speech, King confronts the mistreatment of the African American community and the lack of free will they contain in society. Throughout the mid-1900s, the Civil Rights Movement took place, influenced by centuries of cruelty towards the African Americans.. The most influential speech in the modern era was said in front of thousands ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1031 Words   |  5 Pagesanything.† Being one of the influential quotes of all-time, Martin Luther King Jr. did not fail to expound on her statement. In his life as well as Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, he was an avid and determined African American striving for racial equality. He allowed for others to follow his lead, and to continue his legacy as the U.S continues to live on as a nation of freedom, liberty, and a home of safe living. King’s presentation addresses the African American race, expressingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech810 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King’s speech was made after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but veryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech852 Words   |  4 Pages I Have A Dream is a mesmerizing speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It was delivered to the thousands of Americans on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. Aimed at the entire nation, King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice towards the mistreated African Americans and to stand up together for the rights afforded to African American under the Constitution. To further convey this purpose more effectively, King cleverly makes use of theRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I H ave a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1409 Words   |  6 Pages More than 40 years ago, in August 1963, Martin Luther King electrified America with his momentous ‘I Have A Dream’ speech, dramatically delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. His soaring rhetoric demanding racial justice and an integrated society became a mantra for the black community and is as familiar to subsequent generations of Americans as the US Declaration of Independence. His words proved to be a touchstone for understanding the social and political upheaval of the timeRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1751 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was made to thousands of people at the Washington Monument while facing the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. Dr. King called upon Americas to consider all people, both black and white, to be united, undivided and free. His rhetoric harkened back a hundred years past when the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted during Abraham Lincoln’s term as president which abolished slavery and allowed all people living in America to be equal and have equalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the historic March in Washington in August 1963 effectively urged the US government to take actions and to finally set up equality between the black and white people in America. Although there were many factors that contributed to the success of the speech, it was primarily King’s masterly use of different rhetorical instruments that encouraged Kennedy and his team to take further steps towards racial equality. King effectivelyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech994 Words   |  4 Pages On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered a speech to more than 200,000 people during the March on Washington. Kings speech was one of the most influential during the era of the Civil Rights Movement and is to this day recognized as a masterpiece due to its effect on the audience as well as for its eloquence and language. Many components went into this passionate speech that portrayed Kings hopes for racial equality and a brighter future made the speech as moving as it was. It

United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism Free Essays

The threat of terrorism has become real since the 9/11 attacks in the US. The government as well as the international community has joined efforts in order to combat the ever present terror attacks mainly targeting America. Although there have not been other terrorist attacks in the US soil since the 9/11 attacks, the fact that, terrorists continue to threaten and in fact other US interests outside the US remains as clear pointer to the fact that, terrorism is a real threat to the US and therefore warrants measures against protecting every American’s right to fundamental freedoms guaranteed under law. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terrorist activities recently targeting the US allies and foreign interests include attacks in Kenya, Morocco, Pakistan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen and Tunisia. The above calls for tough and effective anti terrorism laws to curb the evil. It is against that background that, US has taken considerable measures to combat the evil both domestically and internationally. For the purpose of this, paper, attention will be given to domestic measures aimed at curbing terrorism and only touch a little bit on international terrorism. International measures have included the capacity building programs being initiated by the US in its allies by giving incentives such as training military on the effective military combats styles as well as increasing of satellite surveillance as well as use of communication technology to track and disrupt the activities of the terrorist and carry out preemptive attacks on their bases if suspected to be planning and attack (Abuza, Zachary,2005). On top of that, according to , combating terrorist requires a coordinated activity. The first step involves the use of al means in order to deny the terrorists the chance of committing the crime in other words decapacitating them, this is possible through number of ways which include, cutting arms supply, denying terrorists access to arms and other weaponry which would be harmful if left in the reach of the terrorists and improved security checks in all vulnerable areas such as airports all aimed at lessening the probability of terrorists successfully attacking the US. One can not forget the role on good governance for in some cases the activities of terrorism have happen just because a government official serving in a major security installation such as in the airports or immigration department s failed to execute their duties properly (Acquaviva, Mike, 1989) The US has in measure aimed at improving its home security passed several antiterrorism bills all of which have in one way or another contributed to the interruption of terrorist activities therefore lessening the chances of terrorist attacks in the US. In a bid to protect its citizens and sovereignty America enforced many measures including military operations in places deemed to harbor terrorist activities or are at least sympathetic to terrorist activities. The constitution of America empowers the president through congress to intervene in cases where the country comes under security threat using all means under his/her discretion. It is against this back ground that, the US has taken measures which not all agree to have nevertheless helped to reduce the incidence of attacks. Such measures have included the empowerment of all security institutions such as the FBI and the CIA, to play a bigger role in the hunt and elimination of terrorists and their activities, increasing military expenditure as well as security budget to facilitate programs aimed at combating terrorism. Other activities have included the passing of laws aimed at confiscating property suspected to originate or be ended to terrorist cells or allies. Other key measures aimed at combating the crime involve the passing a bill which empowers key security agencies to intercept communications deemed suspicious and likely to enhance terrorist activities. Other measure have include the coding of the US security levels to also alert the people of America when ever a threat of attacks is deemed inevitable as well as when it is considered relatively safe. Also the US has introduced the concept of travel advisories which although they do not apply domestically are key in protecting the Americans against the thereat of attacks. Other than the methods used, it does not occur there were other alternatives since, the present measures have succeeded in making the US a better place. It is notable that, there has been numerous attempts by the terrorists groups to hit US again possibly to commemorate the September 11 attacks but all have been thwarted or intercepted and if they happen it has been in a small magnitude. Although critiques have argued that, the measures taken by US has increased anti-Americanism especially form Islamic countries, the fact is that, the terrorist are determined to attack US and considers such as achievements. This calls for no less than radical measures aimed at maintaining the security of Americans. In the fight against terrorism, the US has not been alone for it has received all manner of support from its key ally Britain as well as from the UN which helped pass some of the international amendments aimed at curbing the threat and danger of terrorism (Abuza, Zachary,2003). In all regions of the work the US has key partners’ and allies who allow it to operate form the solids in the endeavor to reduce the efficiency of the terrorist. From Africa to Asia, and Far East, the US collaborates with key countries through sharing of intelligence, use of countries facilities, to launch activities as well passing anti-terrorism legislations which are deemed crucial in deterring terrorists. On the other hand the US benefits form these ties in that the countries can arrest suspects wanted in connection with terrorism and them to US for interrogation and trial especially those wanted in connection to the September attacks. Just like all other well intentioned struggles, the combat against domestic terrorism will need the right environment in order to be successful as well as to achieve is objectives. In a nutshell the following are the most immediate needs and changes which may result into a fight with a well guided mission and vision, one which will meet the expectations of the people of America. Firstly, the issue of good PR will need to be emphasized a lot and it needs to be highlighted in all departments and institutions dealing with terrorism. Although the US military has done much efforts to meet this, goal, it is has not been sustained and maintained in that, some organs of the government seem to be comfortable with the progress so far. Far form the truth, there is need to ensure that, every move from the government aimed at countering the threats of terrorism as well as all others aimed at influencing major international partners as well as world bodies such as the UN are not misrepresented or misinterpreted by the public. Against the background of the Iraq war which has resulted into enormous life losses to the Americans, it is easy for people to lose the zeal for the fight and start opposing it. This happens due to poor communication as well as poor PR skills. Therefore the role of communication and PR in this war against domestic terrorism needs to be speeded up in order to ensure that; throughout all campaigns the government has the blessing of the masses. The other challenge in the combat against domestic tourism comes in the form of opposition to legislations or bills aimed at solving the problem of terrorism. When ever a senator or any member of the congress brings up a motion on terrorism fighting, there is a need for all the congress men to put aside all their political ideological differences to back such law because its touches the whole American society. Lastly, the challenge of people withholding crucial information from the law enforcement agents is a matter of grave concern. Usually, terrorists live among the people that they plan to attack. In that case, those who live near the terrorists and shield them from the law enforcer are obliviously on the wrong. The public should be more involved and actually share any crucial information with the police. By hunting down for terrorist in the mountains, jungles and seas, by attacking those who collaborated with the terrorist to attack it, the act of the US in regard to terrorism can not be regarded to as being overreaction. Simply put, there was no other way of doing it, the US had lost close to $100 billion in terms of economic damages as a result of terrorists activities of the recent past. Against such a background, the activities and efforts of the US to combat domestic tourism can be termed only as fair and justified for failure to act would and can lead to further attack hence more losses. This can also significantly affect the world order as the US is looked up on by many vulnerable countries to offer protection in cases of external aggression on their sovereignty as it did in the case o Kuwait. How to cite United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism, Papers

Stereotypes of Women in the Hip-Hop Culture free essay sample

In the Hip-Hop Culture Have you ever wondered what it would be Like If there were no stereotyping In America. Stereotyping has been around for quite a long time and women In particular have been stereotyped for numerous reasons. There are various things In society today that put women down for the things they do. Hip hop music and their music videos have been around since the sasss and continues to be very popular among young people, especially the young men and women of America.The media tends to exploit womens natural sex appeal in such a perverse way that they are irrupting the youth of today and presenting a perception of life that does not exist. There are a lot of music lyrics in the rap and hip hop genres today that pretty much perceive women as shanks for the clothing they wear. It is sad to say that our culture of movies and not just song lyrics revolves so much around women dressing in a sexy manner. According to a study by the American Academy of Pediatrics (PAP), up to 75 per cent of music videos contain sexually suggestive material(Medal Awareness Network 1). It Is also said that many of these types of videos glamorous alcohol and tobacco use, plus fifty percent contain violent acts toward women (Medal Awareness Network 1). Most of these videos, such as 50 Cents candy shop, contain women who are not popular in the media. They are women who audition for parts because they think they have the looks or skills to be a part in a video. What the producer is Just trying to do is make the song an excellent marketing tool for the artist (Media Awareness Network 1). This in return brings in a large sum of money to the recording company.This is also how the women in the videos get paid. So in essence, I believe the omen are getting used by these companies to bring In money for them. In return, women In general are then stereotyped as sex objects. Due to these women who are willingly exploiting their bodies, women are characterizing themselves In a way that Is not considered good. It is very poignant that women are using themselves because it is destroying the young culture of America. I know many people have a thing for rap music, especially young men and women.It is the type of genre that makes them feel good inside or they Just like the rhythm. They may take pleasure in this type of music but it is finitely changing the way young people are thinking, more than ever young females. According to Mary Ann Libber Publishers who published a Journal article on womens health, young African American females who spend a lot of time watching rap music videos will be more likely to partake In high-risk behaviors such as having sex with multiple partners, binge drinking and/or test positive for marijuana In their systems (Volvo. 6, No. 8). The article also stated it could create a negative body Image for these young women. One can argue that young women feel that It Is okay to live their lifestyle Like the artists because they are famous and It s on television almost every day. Hard to obtain for young people, when really it is not. In accordance with musical content containing explicit lyrics which include lyrics, acts of violence and sex, the U. S. Recording Industry started placing Parental Advisory labels on the covers of these albums (Media Awareness Network 2).This started in 1990 and they continue to have these labels printed. However, this change does not stop all people under the age of eighteen from acquiring this type of music. This article also states that some places such as Wall-Mart and K-Mart do not have labels and some stores have o restrictions on age limit to buy any type of their music. Another argument that proves young people can listen to this music is that it is readily available online on Youth, or on television networks such as MET. Canadian radio stations do not play music with such content.Maybe they should have thought that it probably does not matter since it is readily available online or on television. Some of these music videos that portray women in sexually implicit manners are 50 Cents candy shop, Black Eyed Peas My Humps, and Guinness My Pony. They all have scandalous lyrics; the videos also contain either men paying for sexual favors, or women dressed with very little clothes on to please the men. Young women around the United States see this as good music but it also can corrupt them. Even solo female artists put themselves into a category where they are easily stereotyped. The midriff-baring Christina Agiler and Brittany Spears may be marketed under a girl power guise-?but what they are really selling to their mostly pre-pubescent audiences is adult sexuality (Media Awareness Network 3). This essentially tells young women that dressing with skimpy clothes on is okay. Dressed this way, men SSE their tact and begin to flirt in a more sexual and demeaning way; on many occasions this is completely inexcusable. Woman are putting themselves into this category, they are labeling themselves the stereotypes created by many other people.Rap artists today and of the past are using women for sex. Another artist who has used explicit lyrics is Asininely. Some such lyrics he has used are found in his song Put it in your mouth. One line he has in this song goes like this, get on your knees, make like the breeze begin to blow but dont give me no Ralph Lauren grin if your not down to go low. This is an example of how rap music as gone too far and continues to be a problem for the young women of the society today. All in all, Americas rap culture has had a harmful effect on the young people, especially women. There are many artists or groups who have lyrics that promote sex, drugs and alcohol to the listeners who are mostly young men and women. I know many women that want to go far in life; however, it is very difficult with all of the negative lyrics spoken by rap artists in the media. Women are changed by this type of music and some have troubles when they get to college because of the influences in their lives like rap music. It is a very sad situation that women are portrayed as sex objects, and because of it, many families face such things like teen pregnancies.

Net Present Value and Papa Geo free essay sample

The restaurant would be located in Orlando, Florida and would majorly target middle to lower-middle class families with children, as well as adults and seniors, thus making it a friendly and family place. The major product and service provided by the restaurant would be Italian food served buffet style with an all-you-can-eat format with a lot of variety including a salad bar, pizza, several different types of pasta with three or four types of sauces, soup, desserts, and a self-serve soda bar. There would also be a gaming area within the restaurant with gaming machines installed which would be of interest to children. The business would provide wholesome and fresh food, in a simple format, with very good prices and is located in a densely populated area, all of which would help the restaurant to do well and establish itself as a popular and profitable business. * * * Also, provide a second paragraph which describes how the budget supports the company’s strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Present Value and Papa Geo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * * Finally, provide a third paragraph where you summarize the key points from your budget, including the planning horizon, the amount of up-front investment, the NPV, Payback and IRR of the project, as well as key figures from your income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. * Remember, this is not a thesis or introduction of what you will talk about – it contains the major, specific content of each section. The second and third paragraph should be written after you have completed all other sections of this template. * * As you complete sections of this template, please remove all italicized text in all sections of this template and replace it with your own or you will lose points! * * 2. 0 Sales Forecast 2. 0 Sales Forecast * * This section forecasts the sales of Papa Geo’s restaurant over a five-year period. Section 2. 1 gives the estimated sales figures and a brief explanation on the changes in these figures over the planning period. * Section 2. 2 delves into the details of how this sales estimate has been arrived at, calculations involved and the methods and assumptions used in the process. * Overall, this section is useful is providing an estimate of how much the restaurant can make in sales, given its internal specifics and external environment. * 2. 1 Sales Forecast * * The yearly sales forecast for Papa Geo’s restaurant is given below. In $ | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Sales | 933,504. 00 | 1,555,840. 00 | 1,616,517. 76 | 1,679,561. 95 | 1,745,064. 87 | * My methods and assumptions for arriving at the sales figures in the table are detailed in section 2. 2 The sales figure estimated per my calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived at from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to realize its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself. Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * 2. 2 Methods and Assumptions * According to the brief given on Papa Geo’s restaurant, there are about 10,000 families living within 15 minutes of the restaurant. Of these, between 3% and 5% are rich households (Phoenix marketing international, Wikipedia) and it is assumed that another 15% comprise of high income and upper middle class households. That leaves about 80% of the 10000 families in the area,that are the target market for the restaurant. * * According to a research paper (in restaurant. org), American families eat out about 4 times a week. However, considering that our target market comprises of mostly middle and lower income families, I’ve assumed that they eat out only about 2 times a week on an average. This means that, about 16000 families [(80%*10,000)*2] eat out in a week in that area in Ohio, Florida. * * In terms of competition, although it is mentioned that McDonalds, Taco Bell and Wendy’s operate in the area, we assume there are other small places that people might visit to eat out. Also, people might venture out beyond their areas to eat out. Keeping these in mind, we’ve assumed that these four places (Papa Geo’s, McDonald’s, Taco Bell and Wendy’s) will be able to capture only about 85% of these families. (16000*85%=13600/week). Of these four places, since the others are fast food and fast food restaurants generally command a larger footfall than other format restaurants we assume the following about their share in the pie of families: Taco Bell: 30%, McDonald’s: 30%, Wendy’s: 30% and Papa Geo’s: 10% * * i. e, Papa Geo’s can expect to capture 1360 (10%*13600) families per week. Since this is a family dining place, we make another assumption about the composition of the family. We assume that out of a family of 4, two are kids and two adults. Which means that about 2720 (1360*2) kids and 2720 adults (1360*2) will eat from Papa Geo’s per week. * * Given that a meal (including drinks) cost about $7, we make the following assumptions: * Adults visiting the restaurant will have meals (@ $7), on an average. * Kids visiting the restaurants with their families will make a bill of about $4 per head. Given this, we now estimate the weekly sales for adults and kids. Therefore, d * Sales from Adults per week: 2720*7 = 19040 * Sales from Kids per week: 2720*4 = 10880 * * Now, the total sales (both adults and kids, as part of families) per week can be estimated at: 19040+10880 = $29920 * Therefore, average sales per year = 1,555,840 * The sales figure estimated by these calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived a t from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to realize its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself. Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales, and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3. Capital Expenditure Budget 3. 0 Capital Expenditure Budget * * Capital Expenditure Budget: * Item| Cost| Quantity| Total cost| Source| Notes and Assumptions| Cost of registering a business| 300| | 300| ehow. com| Cost of registering includes: actual cost of registering ($70), legal fees and misc expenses (approx $230)| Renovation of facility| 15000| 1| 15000| Given| This includes all kinds of beautification etc that the restaurant needs to start operations| Soda fountain ba r| 3621| 1| 3621| Soda-dispenser. om| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| 2 pizza ovens| 849| 2| 1698| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| salad and Pizza/dessert bar| 1450| 1| 1450| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Commercial Refrigerator| 3529| 1| 3529| Coldtechcommercial. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Cash Register| 170| 2| 340| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Video game vending machine| | | | | | Type 1| 550| 2| 1100| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Type 2| 750| 2| 1500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Laptop for management| 275| 1| 275| ebay| Laptop purchased with Warranty, Price quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| desk for mgmt| 25| 1| 25| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff Microwave| 319| 1| 319| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff cupboard| 100| 1| 100| Assumed| | taff refriferator| 700| 1| 700| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Tables for the restaurant| 279| 20| 5580| tableschairsbarstools. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Chairs for the restaurant| 55| 80| 4400| restaurant-services. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Busing cart for restaurant| 50| 1| 50| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Commercial dishwasher| 2500| 1| 2500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Restaurant signage| 124| 1| 124| brightledsigns. om| Although this is a form of advertising, this wouldnt be considered as an operating cost given the long term (more than a year) nature of its use| Total| Â  | Â  | 42611| | | * * The above table provides an estimate of the capital budget required for Papa Geo’s restaurant. For each item, sources and assumptions used are explained towards the right side of the table. Other generic assumptions beyond those already mentioned are provided below: * Miscellaneous cooking and handling equipment cost will be considered operational expenses and will not be capitalized given the short term (less than a year) use of such assets.

The elite essays

The elite essays The strongest arguments for this statement are that about 10% of people own 90% of the wealth in the US, as the definition of elitism states The view that the United States is essentially run by a tiny elite (composed of wealthy or well-connected individuals ) who control public policy through both direct and indirect means.Another strong argument is that why do only rich persons get nominated or even have a chance to hold a high political position, you never see a person that doesnt have a lot of money running for president or if you do they will eventually drop out because of lack of funds, this proves again that money is the answer for everything. I agree with the statement because its true that our government only represents the rich and well connected rather than the poor and needy, our government rarely looks out for the poor. Instead of giving tax breaks to the poor, our government makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Well, its obvious that the government is going to h elp out the rich first because they are the ones that help them get elected and once there in office they feel obligated to pay them back however they can and without thinking about anyone but their own well being. One good example that our government represents the privileged few rather than the needy many were in the 2000 presidential elections. If George W. Bush had not been the son of a former president and the brother of the governor of Florida, there is no way he would be our president. Since former presidents get to know a lot of people and help many of them when they need help it is often given to them by the people they helped in the past. I think the laws should be changed so that everyone has an equal opportunity of achieving success, regardless of how much money they have or whom they know and instead it should be on the basis of how capable they are of the job and their level of knowledge, this wa ...

Service Dominant Logic and Future Marketing Essay

Service Dominant Logic and Future Marketing - Essay Example The service-dominant logic of marketing Service-dominant logic is a highly successful marketing approach that elucidates that the traditional products-oriented approach for marketing needs to be replaced by a service-dominant one. At the very heart of service-dominant logic is the concept that the customer doesn’t want or expect a product, but the service that the product offers to him. It has emerged to be a new paradigm shift in marketing approach as it emphasizes the necessity to interact with customers to provide the service and also that customer is not the ‘consumer of value’ but a ‘co-creator of values’ (Ardagna, Mecella and Yang, 2009, p. 654). The major difference between the two approaches is that the traditional approach gives greater emphasis on tangible resources whereas service-dominant logic gives emphasis on intangible resources. Ballantyne and Varey (2008) found that customers appraised the value of goods they purchase in use. While c ustomers buy certain products, the exchange value determination is provisional upon later experience of customers about the goods. Customers determine the value in terms of how and what they value-in-use of the goods. According to the traditional product-oriented marketing approach, marketers offer products in different size, volume, features, configuration, benefits etc and that the customers appraise the value of goods purely in terms of goods in these different attributes. Vargo and Lusch (2004) stressed that goods are service appliances because customers find values when goods are in-use and therefore service is the dominant logic for marketing. The logic behind service-dominant logic of marketin

Fords Western and Leones Western Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fords Western and Leones Western - Movie Review Example This paper looks into two films individually: The Searcher, directed by John Ford (1956), and Once upon a time in the west, directed by Sergio Leone (1968). It describes their mise-en scene and beyond, introduced first by their corresponding synopsis. A comparison is made at the end. Synopsis. Although filmed on Navajo land in northern Arizona, The Searchers, begins in 1868 Texas. Ethan Edwards (played by John Wayne), a soldier, returns to his brother's farm after the end of the Civil War where he fought for the Confederacy. It has taken Ethan three years to come home, after fighting on the losing side of the Civil War. Ethan is in love with his brother's wife, Martha, but unlike his brother, he is not the man to settle down and raise a family. In this film, Ethan Edwards is seeking the two nieces who were abducted during a Comanche raid, in which his brother's family is murdered. Finding the mutilated bodies of his family, Ethan is guilt-ridden, feeling he was not there when he was needed. He thus becomes obsessed with recovering his two nieces and seeking revenge on the Comanche. This fanatic search provides the only rationale for Ethan's life, and he is determined to succeed. "We'll fin'em just as sure as the turning of the earth," he says. Ethan is a bitter and lo... Ethan becomes more concerned with executing vengeance than with finding her. During the search, when Ethan is asked, "You wanna quit" he angrily replies, "That'll be the day!" and he repeats this phrase many times in the course of the film. Theme. Based on a screenplay by Frank S. Nugent from the novel by Alan Le May, "The Searchers" deals with the winning of the West, the struggles between the invading White Man and the Native Americans, the Western Code of Honor, and old-fashioned determination vs. selfish, vengeful spite (Puccio, 2006). Ethan embodies the most important attributes of the Westerner: individualism, self-sufficiency, strength, non-conformity, and loneliness. In this movie, Ethan's solitariness is stressed visually. The film opens with a magnificent inside framing shot of a cabin door, opening up to high desert red sandstone formations and turquoise sky. Ethan appears out of nowhere, from the desert, and, at the end, after his mission is accomplished, Ethan returns to the desert. In the film's last shot, Wayne stands alone, silhouetted in the door's frame, while other people pass around, ignoring his presence. A shot similar at the beginning bookends the film. In this film, Ford illustrates the outcomes of racism and Indian hating, a seeming eloquent statement in support of the Civil Rights movement (Puccio, 2006). Consider the following conversation - Brad (to Ethan, as they follow the Comanche): They gotta stop sometime; if they're human men at all, they've gotta stop. Ethan: A human rides a horse until it dies, and then goes on afoot. Comanch' comes along, gets that horse up, rides him twenty more miles ... then eats him. Techniques. In the story, drawn away

Hispanic Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hispanic Market - Essay Example Tucson has 35.72% population of Hispanic or Latino. As a group we want to research and learn alternative methods to serve The Hispanic or Latin consumers in not just only Tucson but for Target as whole. In the information given to us in class it states, â€Å"In 2009, U.S. Hispanics purchasing power was $978 billion.† This showed us that the Hispanic consumer has a huge influence on retailers and they need to be able to tailor not only their merchandise but also the way they market themselves in order to gain them as not only customers but also loyal customers. For our topic Miami, Los Angeles, and Chicago are the Hispanic sensitive markets. From statistics we found it stated that in 2010 the Hispanic population made up 16% of the U.S. population. Between 2000 and 2010 the Hispanic population alone increased by 15.3 million. As stated in the information we were given in class â€Å"According to a U.S. Census forecast, Hispanics will compose 30% of the population by 2050.† Currently, Miami has the highest percentage Hispanic population between the three cities that is 65.76%. Los Angeles has 46.53% Hispanic population and Chicago has 28.9% population of Hispanic. From this data, we know that the Hispanic Market has become a big part of the retail marketing. The retailers need to try to focus on the Hispanic market demand and figuring out how to manage these demands efficiently. Each team was assigned a Target â€Å"Buddy† to help better accomplish us getting the information we needed for our project. Our buddy is Michael Lopriore and he works at the Irvington location of Target in Tucson. Due to scheduling conflicts with Michael we had to meet with a different employee of Target to get started on our project. On October 9th we met with Sonny Lopez, the HR manager at the Irvington location. Sonny has also worked with previous classes for this course on this project and he seemed eager to help us with our project. Before Sonny gave

David Carson Influences | Modern Graphic Design

David Carson Influences | Modern Graphic Design Considered to be one of the worlds most influential graphic designers (Layers Magazine, 2007) David Carson is a name synonymously associated with post-modern design. This essay investigates Carsons career from its beginning in the design industry by means of a full biography before venturing on into post-modern and sub-cultural influences on the designer, the emergence and development of key aspects of post-modernist design within the work of David Carson and the positive and negative impact and influence he has had on modern graphic design. Biography: Born in Texas on September 8th, 1955 David Carson dedicated his early career to being a professional surfer, David attained a standing of number 8 in the world rankings while being a high school teacher in California (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012a).  A late starter to the graphic design industry, Carsons first real design experience came during a two-week commercial design course in Switzerland as part of his sociology degree. The class, taught by Swiss designer, Hans-Rudolf Lutz (Sacharoq, 1996: p.8), whose influence was so significant that Carson made a decision to pursue a career in graphic design and enrolled full time in a small art college upon his return home to the United States. In an interview with Marc Cameron, founder of fotorater.com; Carson explains the beginning of his design career: taking the advice of a friend who, at the time was the editor of Skateboarder magazine to contact the art director. I immediately started harassing this art director, sending him every little thing I was working on (Cameron, 2012a). This dogged persistence paid off and soon Carson was working in the studio voluntarily; pasting up advertisements and eventually composing an editorial spread for the magazine. Carsons first real job in the design profession was working as a designer at the surfer publication titled  Self and Musician as well as being an employed part-time designer for the magazine  Transworld Skateboarding (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012b). This enabled him to experiment with design, developing his now characteristic style of chaotic spreads overlapping photos and mixed up, altered typefaces. In 1989 Carson changed occupations and became art director of Beach Culture magazine producing a total of six magazines before the journal folded, this earned him more than 150 design awards (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012c) and a new position in a design role at its sister publication Surfer magazine, which catapulted him into the design spotlight. Carson then caught the attention of Marvin Jarret, publisher of Ray Gun an alternative music publication, who hired Carson as its art director in 1992. The monumental success of the publication between the years 1992 and 1995, with th e help of Carsons radical design vision, saw Ray Guns subscribers triple in numbers. This feat is most commonly attributed to the design strategy that seemed to be particularly appealing to the youth demographic (Kenyaferrand.com, n.d.) which led to several large corporations spotting an opportunity in Carsons design work to increase youth sales of their respective products. Commissions earned by Carson followed to design printed advertisements and direct television commercials. In 1995, Carson left Ray Gun and established his own design company David Carson Design. The business was an instant success, and Carson was able to secure a large and diverse corporate client base with companies such as Microsoft, Pepsi and Giorgio Armani. Carsons first book titled The End of Print: The Graphic Design of David Carson, released in 1995 and has since become the top selling graphic design book of all time with sales in excess of over 200,000 copies (David Carson Design, n.d.). Followed by the boldly experimental books  2nd Sight  (1997),  Fotografiks  (1999), and  Trek  (2003) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012d). Post-modernist design influences on David Carson: Post-modernist design, described in the art and popular culture encyclopaedia as: A cultural, intellectual or artistic state, which lacks a clear central hierarchy or organizing principle and which embodies extreme complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, diversity and interconnectedness (artandpopularculture.com, u.d.). This is evident in Carsons hallmark style of distorted type and his rejection of the conventional ideas of typographic syntax, visual hierarchy and imagery. The text in Carsons work often challenges the fundamental criteria for legibility by the exploration of reverse reading, extreme forced justification, columns jammed together with no gutter and the erratic letter spacing across images, arranged in expressive rather than normative sequences. In his book, A Century of Graphic Design, author Jeremy Aynsley (2001: p. 233a) states that: Carsons work is greatly indebted to the work of Wolfgang Weingart and the Cranbrook academy, belonging to the tradition of deconstructive typography. This statement holds an immense amount of strength as Carson has characterised his style by embracing what could be considered as vernacular design, upsetting the rules of modernist typography with inconsistent weights and spacing of letterforms and adopting a multi-layered approach to both word and image; questioning the original meaning of the text and interpreting it into his own unique message. Aynsley (2001: p. 233b) goes on to explain how: Carson counters the modernist position form follows function, instead opting to use layout to explore the meaning. The typographic form is expected to represent ideas actively, rather than present a transparent medium. Much of Carsons work has also been influenced by the surfing sub-culture; his early professional surfing career allowed him to identify with and relate to his target audience. In his interview with Marc Cameron, Carson states: growing up around that culture put me in a more experimental mindset (Cameron, 2012b). This experimental and somewhat chaotic approach to design appealed to the sub-culture that surrounded the surfing and skating communities, and in a sense gave them their own identity with the styling of publications related to their specific demographic. Aynsley (2001: p. 232) has claimed that advertisers soon noticed the potential benefits of someone who could embody the interests of young consumers. Post-modernist theories in David Carsons work: David Carsons work holds true to many key aspects of post-modernism, especially with his philosophies countering of modernist theories such as form follows function. This is evident in the visually driven arrangement of type, by allowing letterforms or flow from spread to spread, by the extreme or unnatural cropping of single images or his highly expressive use of typography to express his own interpretation of the message to the viewer. The latter is most famously noted in his spread for an interview with Brian Ferry in Ray Gun magazine, an article which Carson states in his conference on design and discovery, published on Ted.com I found the interview boring, so I set the whole article in dingbat (Carson, 2009) During Carsons employment with Ray Gun, there were further embracements of post-modernist theories encompassed by audience participation within the magazines content. In his book, A History of Graphic Design, Phillip Meggs (1998: p.463a) has noted how Carson turned over half a dozen pages to the readers to display their illustrations for song lyrics. The encouragement of audience participation and engagement also acted as an enhancement of the sub-cultural identity to the already burgeoning audience generated by the publication. The impact of David Carson on modern graphic design: David Carson is arguably the most innovative and influential graphic designer of the 1990s (Blackwell, 1995: p. 1) and without doubt the most talked about, gaining an army of both admirers and detractors throughout his career. Blackwell (1995: p.10) has noted how Carson has progressed from being an unknown designer of a short-lived specialist magazine to being one of the most decorated designers in the world. This statement that holds weight in the sense that Carsons work has made a breakthrough from sub-culture to the mainstream of mass communication his work now considered being the cutting edge of the leading communications culture (Blackwell, 1995: p. 18). Carsons continual reinvention of the relationship between design and type, has changed the course of graphic design and crystalized the look and attitude of an entire generation, making him a powerful catalyst for design change (Aynsley, 2001: p. 233c). Running several workshops for graphic design students worldwide has provided Carson with a cult following of inspired young designers while at the same time angering some communications professionals who believed he had crossed the line between order and chaos (Meggs, 1998: p.463b). The lack of a prominent theory or a defined set of rules within Carsons work does not necessarily mean that the work is chaotic; instead it challenges conventional design practices with Carsons belief that as Blackwell (1995: p 27) claims that you cannot not communicate and Dont mistake legibility for communication. The benefits on studio work as a result of topics covered in this module: The topics covered in this module have dramatically benefitted my studio work; they have given me an insight into historical design practices and an understanding of key movements that I previously would not have considered in both my research and in producing potential design solutions. Post-modernism and David Carson in particular has been a monumental inspiration and my work in both the learning activities and the summative assessment covering the subject of his design work and processes; inspiring me to take a more expressive outlook on my design and not limiting myself to conventional solutions to design briefs. I now take into account how more expressionist designs can attract and engage the intended audience, more than traditional messages that offer little visual appeal. Designing pieces that have direct links to Carsons design philosophies; considering the emotion conveyed by a piece of work has added an extra dimension to previous practices and has reignited my passion for design.

Public Nudity Should Not be Allowed :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Public Nudity Should Not be Allowed In the summer of 1996 Gwen Jacobs enjoyed a topless summer stroll during which she was seen by a local O.P.P officer, was apprehended and subsequently charged with indecent exposure. Gwen Jacobs pleaded not guilty in court and won the right to go topless in Ontario. This incident brought up an excellent question: should women be allowed to go topless on public beaches and in other public areas? The answer is strictly no, women should not be allowed to go topless anywhere outside of their own home. One of the many reasons why I believe that women should not be allowed to go topless is with respect to the safety of women. Men and boys have, in recent years, been using short, tight, skirts and shirts as an excuse for rape or date rape. Men have said that the girl was wearing a tight shirt and short skirt and it was obvious that she was easy and wanted the attention. This statement leads me to my next point. The average human being upon first contact with a stranger bases his initial impression of that person solely on the person's appearance. This is only natural as the only thing that we know about this stranger is what we see of them the first time we meet. We all are aware of the sayings "Preppy","Jockish","Skater","Sluty" etc. This final saying, â€Å"Sluty† is interpreted by 90 percent of North Americans as a tight skirt and tight tank top which happens to be the usual ensemble of a prostitute. This first impression of a girl in nothing but a skirt and a bare chest will no doubt elevate to the new version of a â€Å"Slut† and a girl that wants it. My second point is, what kind of questions will a mother be asked by her son when he sees a half nude woman walking down the street. The first question that this child will ask is why do these women have no shirt on and you do? Your reply will be well ahhh go talk to your father. This dilemma will no doubt be brought about as these and other questions about the sexual nature of the body will be put forth by young children. Questions that you as a parent do not feel should be answered truthfully to such a young child. My third point begins thousands of years ago when man first walked on the earth. When man first walked he hunted and his wife(clothless) cleaned the game and took care of the young.

Comparative Analysis of Elizabeth Bennett and Emma Bovary Essay

Elizabeth Bennett and Emma Bovary are two of the most famous literature female protagonists of the 19th century. They are both known for their strong personalities and beautiful physical appearances. Elizabeth Bennett is the beautiful young heroine in Jane Austen’s well known romantic novel Pride and Prejudice while Emma Bovary is Gustave Flaubert’s protagonist in the much controversial French novel Madame Bovary. These two novels include two of the most talked about female protagonists in English Literature. Despite the two characters’ distinguished characteristics and principles, there are remarkable similarities in their stories’ settings and social situation. Comparison between Elizabeth Bennett and Emma Bovary The comparison between Elizabeth Bennett and Emma Bovary is not merely limited to the physical appearances but also to the extent of their social status and role as women. Both Bennett and Bovary live in a setting when social status is considered a basic need of an individual. It is noticeable that both Pride and Prejudice and Madame Bovary include the setting of a gathering or a ball where people of high status gather and meet. In Pride and Prejudice, the story starts off in a ball where Elizabeth Bennett meets the seemingly proud and cold Fitzwilliam Darcy. Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels written by Jane Austen which was first published in 1813. It is more than a story of love which revolves around the lives of the Bennett family and the wealthy male visitors of Hertfordshire. The wide variety of personalities in the story contributed to the novel’s attractive and compelling features to date. In this regard, Elizabeth Bennett’s character speaks much of a strong personality which is extremely opinionated and bold. Unlike her younger sisters, she does not allow social status and wealth to interfere with her standards for love. However, in her statement, prejudices toward Darcy are evident for she has already judged him without knowing him well first. However, at the end of the story, she regrets having misjudged the man upon knowing the real Fitzwilliam Darcy. Thoroughly reviewing the whole context of the story, the diverse personalities of the characters are what made it possible to arrive in a certain character transformation. Each character is provided a characteristic that is distinct to other characters. Elizabeth Bennett, an interesting character indeed, possesses traits which are very much different from her sisters. Here is one of her statements to Darcy included in Chapter 19 where she rejects him the first time he proposed to marry her and considered to be one of her most famous line which establishes her personality as a dignified woman: I do assure you, Sir, that I have no pretension whatever to that kind of elegance which consists in tormenting a respectable man. I would rather be paid the compliment of being believed sincere. I thank you again and again for the honor you have done me in your proposals, but to accept them is absolutely impossible. My feelings in every respect forbid it. Can I speak plainer? Do not consider me now as an elegant female, intending to plague you, but as a rational creature, speaking the truth from her heart (Austen 97). Meanwhile, Emma Bovary represents the immaturity that Elizabeth Bennett least possessed. Bovary is portrayed as a woman who is fond of romantic novels and hopes despairingly for a magical romance. With this mindset, she resorts to adultery upon getting bored with the kindhearted but dull husband, Charles Bovary. In Chapter 9, Flaubert describes Bovary’s disgust and resentment towards the tiny details of their worn-out kitchen: Mealtime was the worst of all in that tiny room on the ground floor, with the smoking oven, the creaking door, the damp walls, and the moist flagstones; all the bitterness of her existence seemed to be served up to her on her plate, and the steam from the boiled beef brought up waves of nausea from the depths of her soul. It took Charles a long time to eat; she would nibble a few hazelnuts, or leaning on her elbow, would assume herself by drawing lines on the oilcloth with the tip of her knife (Flaubert 81-82). The way Flaubert presented the kitchen in Bovary’s eyes; it becomes clear that Bovary feels trapped in the duties of domesticity. She longs for something more than being just a housewife which is why she engages in extramarital affairs with wealthier men because she thinks she can achieve such imaginary romance by staying with a rich man. Clearly, this premise is very contradictory with Elizabeth Bennett’s principles. Despite their similar poor status in the society, Bennett is more satisfied with her life than Bovary. Bennett accepts the life she is living and does not immediately grants Darcy’s marriage proposal for the sake of wealth and status. It is true, though, that Bovary and Bennett have their similar standards for love. Even Bennett dreams of the man whom she would love dearly however, the difference is Bennett is rational and is willing to wait. On the contrary, Bovary is more impulsive in her decisions that her efforts are mostly in vain. Conclusion There are many similarities and differences between the characters of Elizabeth Bennett and Emma Bovary. Both women live with poor social status in the society which is the very reason of the conflicts in their love stories. However, it is important to note that despite their similar poor situations, their stories end up differently. Bovary’s end becomes tragic while Bennett lives the fulfilled life. The reason for these endings is dependent on the personal characteristics and attitudes of the two women towards poverty. Clearly, between the two heroines, it is Bennett’s dignified principles and rational thinking that earned her the much favorable ending than Bovary’s. Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice: A Novel. London: R. Bentley. 1853. Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Trans. Mildred Marmur, Evelyn Gendel. New York: Signet Classic, 2001.

Creativity and Creative Industries

Creativity and Creative Industries Introduction: Creativity and creative industries Creativity can be referred to as developing of a new substance that has never existed; it could be a solution or product. Creativity occurs if one invents something new that has never existed, or if it exists elsewhere, the creator is not aware of it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creativity and Creative Industries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Creativity can also refer to a new process of tackling something or inventing a new idea. One can also introduce an existing product into a totally different market. With the emerging technology, upcoming industrious people are able to create their work and hence establishing outlets for their creativity as a way of promoting and distributing their creative work. The creative industries may include design, architecture, writing and publishing, music, photography, and performing arts. The screen production such as in the tel evision is inclusive. Hence, creative industries are economic activities that concentrate on the generation of knowledge and ideas. These industries are usually as a result of an individual creativeness inclusive of talents and skills (Queensland University of technology, n.d). Nevertheless, the creative industries contribute widely in a country’s economy due to their uniqueness in their operations, thus attracting many clients from within and abroad. Creativity yields creative industries, which in turn lead to employment, growth, and development in a country. Hence, creative industries contribute to gross domestic product (GDP), in distribution term and job creation (Henry, 2007, pp 9). To build creative organizations, knowledge and leadership is required; therefore, the presence of an ideal leader is important. This is a person who has the capabilities of spotting an idea that suits well with the needs of an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business ec onomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He is an entrepreneur who finds ways of selling and guiding his/her through implementation. He is however conscious of how his ideas can be affected by contradicting actions of managers who are not keen. However, creativity is challenged by several factors, for instance, it is not easy to demonstrate the value of a new service or product that is not in existence. New ideas may be threatening to the existing market; nevertheless, if they sail through, developing of these ideas in to tangible products may be an easy task. There are a number of factors that an ideal leader should consider including the surrounding environment, which must promote idea generation. Scanning for new opportunities should be done continuously by clarifying the emerging problem. Practical techniques should also be implemented to encourage the generation of new possibilities. When the idea is finally implemented , a follow-up should be done regularly to ensure that the idea follows the right track (Arnold, 2010). Creativity can fall in many categories, for instance, the private health sectors. In is evident that private hospitals have more medical facilities as compared to public hospitals, which are limited to facilities. This is most evident in developing countries where a patient has to be referred to a private hospital to be attended. This may be due to the fact that a certain machine is only available in a certain private hospital. The profound point here is that, the management of such a hospital thought through how to attract patients or gain fame as a hospital. They then opted to import an expensive life saving machine form abroad, after surveying and discovering that such a machine does not exist in any of the hospitals in that country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creativity and Creative Industries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such an idea changes the lives of many people in the society, from the patient to the new employees / experts needed to operate the machine. Another example could be establishing a borehole in a community that has scarcity of water and by use of technology, pumping the water to taps. The business can decide on how to charge for the water service, thus making a community’s life easier and at the same time making money. Creativity is what gives sight to the blind, and what provides a better heart to the children with a heart condition. Through creativity, these surgeries are innovated, studied, and taught to medical specialists such that, when they perform the surgeries, they are a success. Therefore, everything in our lives revolves around creativity, which develops into ideas that form creative industries that deal with different products and services. Hence, creativity has contributed greatly to the community in that, it provides quality life for people in the society, and this is evident through a number of creative industries that surround us; architecture, designs, advertising, software, publishing, internet, electronics, infrastructure, among others. With technological know-how, our live move a little fast, since we no longer have to send an urgent letter via post office that task can be completed through an instant chat message or through yahoo-mail or face book. Despite the importance associated with creative industries, the cultural industries are also of benefit to a country such as the museums. However, it is due to their tradition state probably shuns visitors away; nevertheless, creative industries can boost such industries technologically to revive their fame.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The creative industries can also contribute to the cultural industries via architectural services, thus improving the outward image of these heritages. The internet has emerged as a result of creative industries, with its presence tasks are completed faster and communication is much easier due to the social clouds like facebook, my space among others. Information can also be acquired fast due to the search sites such as; Google, wikipedia and yahoo among others which can be referred to as information clouds. With the emerge of cloud culture, the internet has enabled exchange of information through chatting which enables one to express themselves and understand other peoples culture through interaction with other online communities. Culture gives us a sense of belonging and identity and hence through sharing of information and interaction, through clouds such as facebook, twitter and my space among others. Knowledge is the key to success, since it is through knowledge that one can be able to develop a generated idea. However, according to Arnold (2010), creativity may be faced by obstacles if the organization’s culture, does not entertain new ideas, but instead it criticizes them. Management may not be willing to take risks, thus hindering implementation of ideas. In organization where workload is routine and unrealistic expectations are required, it proofs difficult for the creativity to occur, since employee are always occupied with work. New Zealand’s creative industries According to a journal by Fritsch (2008), creativity is seen as a process mostly, other than a product in the earlier years, people used their own skills and to expand. In addition, with the presence of creative process, it leads to creative production and if creative output is emphasized, definitely a creative outcome results, hence leading to an economic success. The creative industries in New Zealand lead to the creation of goods, services, and knowledge in the textile, des ign, fashion, production, art and even in the photography sector. According to Grants et al (2009), the New Zealand creative industries led to 121,000 jobs in 2006; nevertheless, this sector led to increase of incomes, such that, as in 2006, the employee earned about $52,000 per year. A community creates a relationship that encourages the exchange of ideas and risk taking in a business environment. Nevertheless, the relationship in creative industries included a number of elements among them being an idea, which resulted to a process, experience, innovation, and collaboration. Creative industries are a part of Auckland, which is in New Zealand. According to Bruin (2005, pp 143), the creative industries in New Zealand are well acknowledged since it is believed to be a major contributor to the country’s economy. The New Zealand film industry is an example of a creative industry, which has over the years, attained recognition internationally by participating in movie production. For instance, the return of the lords, the whale rider, resulted to winning of an award like the Oscar for the actors, directors, screen artist, and digital animators in 2004. Due to technology, New Zealand has special effects on their productions, hence producing awards of this approach are evident in the innocentive company that broadcasts scientific questions for scientists to solve. Thirdly is the peer-vetted creative production approach, that is applicable in cases where no right answer exists thus, the online community task is find an answer that will respond to the customer’s tastes and preferences. Threadless is one of the companies that use this approach, where assigns a t-shirt design competition to the public. The distributed human intelligence tasking is the final approach, which is used when human intelligence tasks need to be tackled. Crowdsourcing organizations normally apply this approach when a lot of labor is required to organize piles of information in a p articular systematic way. Hence the crowdsourcing organization distributes the data online for the online communities to handle it. Amazon mechanics Turk is a company that allows organizations to hire an online community that can perform human intelligence tasks. However crowdsourcing faces critiques on its functionality, people tend to think that crowdsourcing organizations exploit an individual’s talent for the organization’s benefit; however, the online community participates willingly without being forced to and if any of their ideas win, they are then rewarded (Braham 2011, pp 6). The interaction between the creative industries and the cultural industries Creative industries are yielded from cultural industries. The difference is that the creative industries trend with up-to-date technology as opposed to the cultural industries. The cultural industries emerged in the early years and even then, people were creative as they are today. The creativity within culture i s evident in the way crops were grown from sowing seeds, and meat products were extracted from rearing animal, while wood was retrieved from growing of trees. Therefore, culture mostly relate to the past activities. Some of the cultural industries include broadcasting, internet, music, publishing, advertising, and even marketing industries. Some of the cultural products like the theatres have been modernized to big screen cinema, and in homes, the televisions are used to convey messages. Nevertheless, cultural institutions like the museums are present, thus portraying the past years of culture through exhibition of the old culture and traditions. Such cultural industries normally contribute to the economy of a country via tourism. Creative industries can be seen as a part of the cultural industries, since some cultural industries can be said to be creative in nature. The interaction between these two industries can be seen in this example of the music industry; a songwriter is the o ne who generates a unique idea of a song, â€Å"which is performed by artists in recording studios, then modified and produced by engineers, and then reproduced, marketed and distributed by record labelsâ€Å" (Brabham, 2008). Nevertheless, technology has contributed to creative industries due the easy accessibility of internet that can contribute to the growth of an idea, because of research. However, in the case of music industry where music is recorded on CDs and MP3s nowadays, they are also prone to creative destruction like piracy, thus interfering with the original targeted sales, leading to losses eventually. Nevertheless, these two industries have their differences, the table below explains: Fig 1: Table illustrating the differences between the creative industries and the commercial industries Cultural industries Creative industries Use low technology in its operation They use high technology, in terms of internet. In case of the museums and art gallery, customers n eeds are ranged a secondary. They target customer needs so as to develop They are not commercial at all. Concerned in innovation and entrepreneurship. They mostly focus on education matters like the museums. Their focus is on knowledge and information, so as to develop unique products. Employees in these industry are academics and artists, They employees here are interested in business and are mostly entrepreneurs. Its employees often have acquired high level of knowledge in academics. Technology is not an issue These industries employ employees on the basis of skills and knowledge. And must be familiar with the demanding technology. The employees’ salaries are usually low, since most of their work is based on interest. Employees in this industry are rewarded via money and reputation. The profound point here is that, the creative industries are privately funded and are modernized in contrast to the cultural industries, which mainly belong to a state and are tradi tion-based. Nevertheless, the main challenge that face the creative industry is mainly uncertainty in demand, because the goods produced depend solely on the preference of the customer, therefore, rendering it difficult to estimate the sales to be made. Hence, their main aim is to satisfy a customer, thus hoping that their products will be identified by the customers. Employees in such companies attribute their work to quality of what they produce, since the aim of creative industries is to maximize on their profits. However, product of creative industries differs in terms of quality, symbolism, aesthetics, and styles associated with the product. These industries work against time and therefore must comply with the time given. This usually applies to even their staff. In addition, their products are usually durable, such that they can be used repeatedly; an example is a video game (Puchta et al, 2010 pp 32- 35). Creativity contribution to the cultural industries Cultural industries can be enhance in a creative approach, for instance, by use of architecture and design whereby, through creativity, outstanding buildings can be redesigned and developed, thus emerging as unique and enhance their appearance; this can apply to museums. Secondly, the cultural industries should aim in adopting a creative approach in the marketing and branding area so that they can achieve a competitive advantage, hence be in a position to compete at global level, and even attract local tourists. The cultural industries should be able to embrace technology in their operations, thus being at a competitive advantage since they will be advanced technologically. The lack of commercial experience by the cultural industries, hence the creative entrepreneurs can assist in commercializing these sectors. The goods and products of these two industries vary in terms of ownership. Cultural industry goods are usually state owned thus described as the public goods, which are run by non-profitable org anization, while the creative industries are privately run and their good and services are marketed and distributed to convenient customers. In addition, these industries have to be at a competitive advantage in order to survive in the competitive market. According to Smith (2009, pp 153), the main reason why cultural industries are no longer a concern for visitors is because they seem old fashioned and less fun and attractive, hence people prefer visiting the cinemas, and watching soap operas on the television as a way of spending their leisure time. However, if these old heritages were renovated and a state of modernity is installed, then they would receive many audiences, not only for educational matters but also for leisure purposes. Conclusion Creativity is the source of developments across the world, since it leads to a creative society, which also yields to a creative economy that generates huge profits for its country, and in return provides of job opportunities and developm ent in the society. Without creativity, human beings cannot survive, thus thinking out of the box is what makes nations develop and earn profits. People’s living standards also improve due to creativity, since new source of incomes develop thus providing employment to the society; thus, a relationship between creativity and the society is build. Creativity is however, a major competitive factor in a country, due to the inclusiveness of technology, which is also a key to competition that may positively or negatively affect a product. Since creativity depends on one’s skill or talent, it literally affects the process of production. Creativity yields to external and internal benefits such that the external benefits are evident as an innovative idea while internal benefits of creativity are evident in job satisfaction and a person’s well-being, hence, these factors should be encouraged in organizations. Nevertheless, creativity should be incorporated to the cultural industries to develop them technologically such as good infrastructure, which could include wireless internet in public buildings. Crowdsourcing is evident in creative industries whereby tasks are distributed to the public for experts to tackle them. This practice is very efficient since the crowdsourcing company generates a variety of ideas and chooses the best among them. Though crowdsourcing is criticized for exploiting the community’s ideas, an organization benefits fully from this process and the winning idea is rewarded. The internet has brought about easy accessibility to information and communication has been made easier, effective and fast, thus yielding to many clouds in the community. Cloud culture for instance is a way in which different culture may be expressed, however cloud culture can only contribute to creativity if people are willing to cooperate, share and create information. Culture provides a sense of identity to people while creativity contributes to gr owth as culture stabilizes the society. It is however clear that the internet has benefited the world and made life easier. References Anon. (2011). Creative industries. Retrieved from http://business.newzealand.com/Industries/15245.aspx#apparel. Arnold, A. (2010). Building a creative organization. Business week. Retrieved from businessweek.com/managing/content/sep2010/ca2010091_968396.htm. Braham, D. (2011). Crowdsourcing: A draft on; A Model for Leveraging Online Communities. Retrieved from http://dbrabham.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/brabham_handbook_crowdsourcing.pdf. Brabham, D. (2008). A convergence article; Crowd sourcing as a Model for; Problem Solving. NY: Sage publishing. Bruin, A. (2005). Multi-level entrepreneurship in the creative industries New Zealand’s screen production industry. Retrieved from http://sme-centre.massey.ac.nz/files/deBruinMulit-level_entrepreneurship.pdf. Flew, T. (N.d). Beyond ad hocery: Defining Creative Industries; Media Communication. Creat ive Industries Faculty. Queensland University of Technology. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/256/1/Flew_beyond.pdf. Fritsc, J. (N.d). Can a ‘Communities of Practice’ framework be applied to the creative industries as an identified audience for the VA? Head of Gallery Interpretation, Evaluation Resources, VA. Retrieved from vam.ac.uk/content/journals/research-journal/issue-01/can-a-communities-of-practice-framework-be-applied-to-the-creative-industries-as-an-identified-audience-for-the-v-and-a/. Grant, A. et al. (2009). The creative sector in New Zealand: mapping and economic role: report to New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/31133/. Haavisto, V. (N.d). University of Art and Design Helsinki UIAH School of Design. Toward a creative society; embracing the diversity of creativity. Retrieved from etla.fi/files/1253_FES_04_3_towards_a_creative_society.pdf. Hagoort, G., and Kooyman, R. (N.d). Creative Industries. NY: Eburon Uit geverij B.V. Publisher. Henry, C. (2007). Entrepreneurship in the creative industries: an international perspective. London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Leadbeater, C. (2010). Cloud culture; the future of global cultural relations. (Attached material). Leadbeater, C. (2010). Cloud culture: the promise and the threat. [2.2.10]. edge foundation Inc publishers. Retrieved from edge.org/3rd_culture/leadbeater10/leadbeater10_index.html. Montgomery, L. (2011). Chinas Creative Industries: Copyright, Social Network Markets and the Business of Culture in a Digital Age. London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Potts, J. et al. (2008). Social network markets: a new definition of the creative industries Journal of Cultural Economics; Volume 32, Number 3 / September 167-185. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/18071/2/18071.pdf. Puchta, D. et al. (2010). The Berlin Creative Industries. Berlin: Gabler Verlag Publisher. Queensland University of technology. (N.d). what are the Creative Industries? Retriev ed from creativeindustries.qut.edu.au/about/what-are-the-creative-industries/ Schmit, G. (N.d). Can Creativity Be Crowd sourced? New Tools and Technology Force Big Changes in the Ad Industry. Ad Age Digital. Retrieved from http://adage.com/article/digitalnext/tools-technology-force-big-ad-industry/136019/. Simpson, M. (N.d). The Importance of Creativity on Our Global Society and in Today’s Educational System; Baylor University. Retrieved from wfate.org/papers/Power_and_Influence_of_the_Right_Brain.pdf Smith, M. (2009). Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. Second edition. London: Taylor Francis Publisher. UK trade and investment. (N.d). Creative and media sector in New Zealand. Retrieved from www.ukti.gov.uk//Creative%20sector%20in%20New%20Zealand.pdf.html.

Ancient Philosophical Orientations essays

Ancient Philosophical Orientations essays Considering the events that occurred in the United States recently, the mathematical and humanistic orientation should be used to advise the U.S. citizens and help them deal with their problems. The mathematical orientation attempted to move from the material level to a general principle for all life. Pythagoras formulated this orientation. He stated that we know the world through our......................... Hippocrates was also a mathematician. He claimed that unity of numbers is the basis of life. The people in the U.S. could use this orientation. Firstly, it is stated that the world is distorted and artificial, this can be clearly seen in what occurred on the 11th of September. The distortions of this world are easily noticed and humans can sense them through our sense impressions. Through our senses we know the world. Secondly, it states that a more permanent reality exists in underlying relationships. The U.S. citizens should create those kinds of relationships to make themselves stronger and use their reasoning to get through this terrible situation. They can also follow Hippocrates, who states that the unity in numbers is the basis of life. If the U.S. people could stick together they would be able to deal with their problems together, which will make their problems easier to deal with. Americans should start believing that there is power in unity. Under the mathematical orientation it is also stated that humans beings should focus on perfection in their lives. They should try to live perfect lives. Perfection can only be developed by the perceptions that we create of the world. If we want to live perfect lives we can rise above the destruction and distortions in the world and become perfect ourselves. Therefore, Americans should rise above all the destruction that terrorists are creating in their lives, and try to get back on track and adjust to their lives as it is now. ...

The Effective Use of Common Experience in The Lottery and Araby Essay

The Effective Use of Common Experience in The Lottery and Araby - Essay Example Both writers use recognizable situations and characters as effective tools, but in vastly different ways. Jackson uses typical characters and settings to deceive the reader into a complacence which is rudely shattered by the unexpected ending. On the other hand, in Araby, Joyce contrasts the commonplace situations and characteristics of the secondary characters with the uncommon emotions of the protagonist. In both cases, the reader is able to identify with the commonplace characters and situations in the narratives: this is the major contributing factor that has made The Lottery and Araby stand the test of time. Jackson sets her short story in an ordinary, commonplace village, and peoples it with typical, recognizable characters, with whom the reader can easily identify. This effectively serves to intensify the uncommon horror of the ritualistic stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson at the climax. The characters are reassuringly familiar: Mr. Summer, whose â€Å"wife was a scold,† and O ld Man Warner who shows the senior citizens’ resistance to change. The casual gathering of the people in the village square in the â€Å"warmth of a full-summer day† , the children at play, the everyday conversations taking place: the children talking of school, the women gossiping, the men â€Å"speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes†, the cheerful banter surrounding Mrs. Hutchinson’s late arrival – all these are shared experiences that lull the reader into complacency.

Contraception Mandate in ACA , American policy Essay

Contraception Mandate in ACA , American policy - Essay Example alue issues that these interest groups have against the contraception mandate and consider the best way to reconcile the mandate with those value issues (Persily, 2013). Using a problem framing approach, I would start by identifying the problem through gathering data on the different views of people who support, and who do not support the mandate and from those who have expert knowledge on the issue. In this first step of problem framing, I would seek to establish the conditions created by the problem such as fear that the government is overstepping its constitutional rights and mandate. Additionally, my coverage would assess whether the problem is drawing from the statement of the mandate. I would determine the goals of the initiative and how well these goals have been understood by the opposing groups. I would determine the urgency of the problem for example by looking at stipulated timeline of the mandate and the potential benefits that those opposed to it could miss. I would close my problem framing with both short-term and long-term objectives of viable solutions (Persily, 2013). Using the domains approach, I would cover the way different dimensions interplay in the occurrence of the contention on contraception mandate. In the legal domain, I would consider how the mandate touches on areas such as reproductive health rights, the bill of human rights, and freedom of religion. In the religious domain, I would consider the doctrinal elements of different religious and denominations that are opposed to the mandate. The economic domain is also coming in as an integral domain because some of those opposed to the mandate are employers. I would cover the role of the medical domain to the issue of contraception mandate (Persily, 2013). After covering the story from the aforementioned approaches, I would conclude by looking the viable solutions to the opposition faced by the contraception mandate. One of the solutions that resolve the opposition against the

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist Assignment

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist - Assignment Example The paper "Compare and Contrast Michelangelo Buonarroti with Modern Artist" explores the similarities and differences of Michelangelo Buonarroti and modern artists. Considering the portrayal of people on the images of both artists, it should be emphasized that both Michelangelo and Bouguereau regarded people as the key theme of their art. While Michelangelo made emphasis on biblical and mythological subjects, Bouguereau created images of the ordinary people as well. Nevertheless, these ordinary people look like angels and goddesses due to the color spectrum used, and to the softness of curves and lineaments. In fact, the depiction of putti, children, as well as women’s statures cannot be performed with rough features. Michelangelo, in his turn, in the strive for realism created images with visible, and, almost tangible relief. However, his female characters are not always soft and tender. Hence, Sibyls by Michelangelo look tough, massive, and even beefy, while even peasant wom en by Bouguereau look like nymphs, with their childish lineaments, soft curves, and mild tones. The works by these two masters have lots in common; however, the differences are essential. Bouguereau’s colors look milder; however, it is hard to define the initial quality of Michelangelo’s colors. Anyway, both artists managed to create realistic images of the human faces and statures. Therefore, sculpture-like Michelangelo’s characters look almost three dimensional, while Bouguereau relies on realistic embodiment of the divine characters.

Romance and Foundations Common Characteristics Essay Example for Free

Romance and Foundations Common Characteristics Essay Courtly love is characterized by the poetry of the troubadours in southern France which originated in in the late 11th c. Its ennobling effect on the male lover who assumes a subservient position in relation to the beloved, of the woman loved, and certain codes of conduct, whether implicit or explicit, that guide the lover in his amorous pursuit (COURTLY LOVE2012). After rereading the poem several times and understanding why she is saying what she said it was understandable for women to express their forbidden feelings through poetry. It’s surprising to learn that true love began in the medieval days. My Reactions to the Expression Romantic Love My reaction to romantic love is the need to express your true deep feeling for another in such a way that one could compare it to the feelings and loyalty showed in worshiping their God or Goddess. Surprising Contents Yes the content of the poetry surprised me totally. I have never absorbed the concept of what was being said in a poem or why it was said, but now I see that lust and adultery stated perhaps from the beginning of time. It seems in today’s world it’s written and expressed in poems lot less and committed more often than medieval days. Observation and Connections The observation and connection I gather about the role of women and their freedom of speech is very open and unconcerned by their husband if Contessa de Dia’s poem â€Å"Cruel Are the Pains I’ve Suffered,† from Lark in the Morning:† was written and published (Sayre, H. M. 2010). Contessa de Dia poem is really expletive and just written to the lust of her eyes, she talking like as if her husband can’t read. These female troubadours had noble backgrounds and they lived privileged lives. Women during this period also had power in that society. They had control over their land, and society was more accepting their noble women. Maybe it was of no concern because it was just feelings on paper or perhaps because of their nobility and power they were allowed to pursue their affairs with the person of whom they lusted. References COURTLY LOVE. (2012). COURTLY LOVE. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Credo Reference. Web. 21 February 2013. Sayre, H.M. (2010). Discovering the Humanities. 2nd Ed. pp.166- 167. Pearson

Building Maintenance Review for University

Building Maintenance Review for University Strategy As Plymouth University strives to distinguish its legacy through excellence in facility offerings, the maintenance of such structures becomes an essential part of the strategy. Refurbishment has already been undertaken across the campus in the past five years, as major additions and facelifts have offered dimension and expanded capabilities for an expanding student and faculty body. Ultimately in the preservation of this legacy, a proactive revision to campus maintenance is needed, one which will ensure that the lifecycle costs of the multiple structures are limited and appropriate. Reactionary maintenance programmes dramatically detract from such principles; therefore, by following the programmed outlined herein, officials will effectively navigate the broad spectrum of repair and maintenance projects which will develop in the coming decades. Exemplary of campus revisions in the past several years, perhaps the most noticeable addition has been that of the Roland Levinsky building. A remarkable new structure boasting 12,711m2 of spatial area and housing an expanded Faculty of the Arts, this building is representative of all that the university plans for the future of the campus faà §ade and its legacy. These developments include meritorious architecture, active facility management, and long term preservation techniques as structural retention among both new and historic participants becomes an essential part of the long term process. Supplemental rehabilitations and expansions have included the Rolle Building development and the Nacy Astor building programme. A combined total area of over 11,000 m2, these two structures represent a campus evolution which retains history while at the same time, boasts a progressive vision. Incorporating new student housing and offers substantial revisions to common areas, sports facilities, and office space, the maintenance of such facilities will become a pivotal role in the university reputation for quality and consistency. To define appropriate and effective maintenance strategies, it become essential to identify the structural frailties which will be encountered over the coming years. A case study conducted of homes in the Midlands area determined that the predominant cause of structural deterioration is underground movement and shifting, while material defects and superstructure decay fill in the remaining sources.[1] Recognising that such variables are essential to maintenance of a building’s lifecycle directs the maintenance programme towards structural components, specifically those of the super and substructures and their material integrity. In considering that maintaining only such areas would not fully integrate the much broader aesthetic and range of functional components within university buildings, there are other factors which must be considered as well. Similar surveys and studies have identified inadequacy defects within the structure itself which stem from roofing failure (42.9%), walls and column deficiencies (21.2%), lintel failure (18.5), and beam and joist overloading (17.5%).[2] These components broaden the scope of maintenance operations; however, recognition of their frailties and the potential for system-wide failure given component collapse enables maintenance crews to seriously consider structural deviance and proactively reform and refurbish according to the prescribed strategy. Determining which areas will offer the greatest challenge and thereby warrant the most attention becomes a more difficult task. Material defects are also of considerable concern when designing a maintenance programme, as deterioration stemming from biological, chemical, and physical attack can substantially reduce the longevity of a structure and dramatically increase long term maintenance costs.[3] Understanding that while new structures may incorporate the most advanced materials and construction techniques, recognition of material failure, could highlight additional system deviance such as elemental concerns that undermine functional operation of the building. Similarly, within historic campus structures, the potential for material deterioration is substantially higher, detracting from longevity and reducing functionality without proactive initiatives. Perhaps the most substantial concern given the prevalence of inclement weather, identifying key seepage points and wet areas will assist maintenance crews in stopping problems before they increase in both cost and severity. The maintenance cost of wet areas within a building’s substructure can extract between 35 and 50% of a building’s annual maintenance cost, in spite of their limited area occupation (10% in most cases).[4] Within the structural elements which are contained in wet areas, studies have demonstrated that there are three main causes of system failure, highlighting water leakages, corrosion of pipes, and the spalling of concrete as substantial modes of foundation decay.[5] From this perspective, regular maintenance and constant evaluation of wet area structures will also be an essential part of the maintenance programme. The team involved in such initiatives must be one of substantial talent, including abilities directly related to those concerns which will most occupy their time, including routine building maintenance, minor construction, repair, and general upkeep. An in-house team whose number is dictated by the scope of the short term maintenance programme should be able to assume the role of daily operator in terms of duties such as light bulb replacement, leak management in pipe couplings, plumbing blockage, door hinge failure, minor boiler issues, tap washer changes, sign erection, and a host of other duties. Along these lines, internal team members must be coached in awareness faculties, ensuring that they can recognise and act when presented with system frailties or structural deviance. Such identification should include slipped tiling, dampness and wet areas, unnatural ageing, rot or mould, cracking, discolouration, and many other signs that the integrity of each building is being negativel y affected by some element. These in house participants should also be versed in decoration and design principles, enabling their participation in an ongoing aesthetic awareness programme where they adjust and alter the decorum to suit university objectives. In spite of the high costs associated with emergency repairs, the best maintenance programme cannot prevent their incidence; therefore maintenance contracts must be designed to ensure cost effectiveness while at the same time encourage a rapid response time. Such partnerships should entail a specific cost basis dependent on the required task, and revolve around a long term relationship in which the maintenance contractors become familiar with the university. A twenty-four hour guideline should be in place for response rates; however, given a major system failure such as a boiler break or plumbing backup, emergency teams must be immediately available. The maintenance programme will entail a rotation of short, medium, and long term tasks, each assigned to either an in-house participant or contracted to an external maintenance team. As these responsibilities happen at regular intervals, long term contracts can remain in place on a specific rotation to ensure that participants are acting proactively and in accordance with the programme needs, not reaction based hiring. Teams should be qualified according to skill set and appropriateness for the stage of the maintenance programme, ensuring that contractor responsibilities do not exceed their scope of normal operation. As structural and systematic problems are identified during the regular review periods and daily operations, maintenance teams must recognise the severity of the damage or wear on the structure and inform a supervisory team of their findings. From this control position, the team will either instruct on internal repair or will hire out the duty to an outside firm. Managin g costs through the maintenance chain will ensure that the university meets their long term cost objectives and yet remains active in the scope of their building maintenance. Maintenance Policy Review To develop an effective maintenance programme, the university must adopt a perspective of preventative maintenance, one which while often perceived as costly in the short term, will dramatically reduce the systematic failure in the long term. Holmes and Droop (1982) recognised that periodic maintenance is most often directed according to budget instead of aligning with the needs of the building in question.[6] As university expenditure expectations are oftentimes maligned with real working scenarios, the determination of a predictive budget and maintenance policy will enable referral and discussion to be directed towards a proactive scenario. The reality is that instead of developing a systematic maintenance framework, decision makers will often choose to weigh budgeting concerns against the severity of the needed service prior to attempting any form of work.[7] Maintenance of a university campus is not about severity or reactionist tendencies. Instead, the maintenance of school faci lities must be directed towards a long term focus of preservation and conservation, ensuring that sustainability is an ultimate objective. The following charts detail the short, medium, and long term focus through which maintenance projects will directly reduce the overall cost basis for renovation and repair over the life of school structures. The representative building is the Reynolds Building, although this plan could be repositioned for any of the many structures on campus with minimal adjustment. In spite of the fact that the costing data is only a general estimate, it places into perspective just how overwhelming major projects can be. Therefore, following a set maintenance plan and integrating professional labour to ensure its validity will enable the university to reduce costs and adequately maintain their diverse structural offering. It should be noted that all three sections contain a complete interior and exterior survey during which any potential problems are identified long before they become emergency repairs. Such analyses should be performed by a licensed surveyor and entail differing levels of comprehensiveness according to the length of time in between reviews. This process is essential to the preventative maintenance scheme of the university, as in spite of other review, the educated perspective of the surveyor could catch concerns before they escalate into much larger challenges. The relatively low cost of this process would be escalated if problems were found; however, the overall long term savings due to a proactive methodology is substantial Short Term Costs The following chart details the short term maintenance costs which will enhance the overall operations of university buildings while at the same time ensure that major systems are checked and repaired prior to major collapse. For the purpose of this plan, short term can be considered a one to two year variable in which the repetition of action is essential to preventative techniques. Each of these segments will not individually contribute to costly renovations; however, when considered as a unit, the cost basis for rehabilitating a distressed structure would be substantial and should be avoided at all costs. Primary Systems Maintenance To begin to exploit the systems which most influence the structural security and stability of a building, a composite of form and function must be evaluated and long term costs prohibited. The key systems within the university building structures include heating and cooling systems, gutters and down pipes and fire protection tools. Aligning these systems around a schedule of regular repair will elongate the life of these instrumental participants and ensure that building stability is upheld. The consideration within this model for gutters and down pipes as essential modes of preservation is directly due to the nature of groundwater seepage and runoff. In order to ensure a long lifecycle for each structure, the water diversion systems must be intimately linked to a maintenance schedule. By cleaning on a 6 month frequency, maintenance technicians are ensuring that any foreign debris that might have filled those units, particularly during the Autumn season, is removed prior to more wet and rain-filled weather. Secondly, ensuring that heating and cooling systems operate at maximum efficiency over their lifecycle assists the university budget on many levels. First and foremost, efficiency measures reduce the overall energy costs associated with maintaining an appropriate temperature within the structure. As global concern regarding energy usage continues to overwhelm headlines and Parliamentary initiatives, complying with social and political expectations places the university at the forefront of ‘green’ supporters. Alternately, when considering the costs of unit replacement in comparison with the minor costs of unit overhaul and monitoring, the potential for unforeseen budgeting problems is very prevalent. Through preventative maintenance on these units which includes a cleaning of the ducts and system components in addition to oiling the motor and replacing belts, the university will ensure that systems operate at extreme efficiency. This maintenance should be done in accordan ce with season frequencies, including the Winter and Summer seasons during which units will be taxed to their maximum capacity. Secondary Systems Maintenance Within the scope of this maintenance schedule, there are other systems which are essential for appropriate functioning of building operations as well as those, that if not well maintained, can cause higher long term costs for the university. Lighting, weather proofing, and drainage are all within this category, and although their functions can easily be considered a primary concern to daily campus life, their long term impact on the university budget is limited in the scope of material costs and lifecycle. Lighting replacement and repair is an essential step to ensuring that daily operations are performed in an attractive and well supplied environment, encouraging patrons to continue their use of university facilities. When replacing bulbs within a regular cycle, maintenance crews are identifying any faults within the lighting system which could turn into critical electrical failure at a later date. Similarly, the replacement of bulbs enables the most efficient and environmentally friendly units to be placed into rotation at regular intervals. This expected maintenance will need to be altered according to technological advances and lifecycle. Within the whole life cost cycle of a structure, the potential for inclement weather and more importantly, the failure of structural systems to prevent penetration by this weather, can dramatically reduce the longevity and efficiency of a building. Therefore, checking the weather stripping and ensuring that all door and window seals function appropriately ensures that time sensitive erosion and wear on the structure does not occur. This maintenance also ensures that the crew evaluates a variety of key entry and exit points for rodent or insect incursions and eliminates the potential for such future problems. Finally, within the secondary modes of short term maintenance, drainage systems are an oft ignored reactive form of maintenance which, when properly maintained, can substantially contribute to structure longevity and limit the propensity for future problems. Ensuring that the proper flow of waste waters away from the building is regular and consistent eliminates the costly reactive calls to plumbing contractors after emergency situations have dictated refurbishment. Similarly, proactive evaluation of this system offers plumbers the opportunity to note any potential cracks, fissures, or weak points within the piping system and ensure that all drive mechanisms are appropriately synced for efficient operation. Short Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Gutters Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding  £270.00 Price Includes Scaffolding Down Pipes Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding Included in Gutter Cost Price Includes Scaffolding Fire Equipment System evaluation, recharge, and certification 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement Extingusihers  £180.00 Price includes system certification Heating System System evaluation, vent cleaning and tubing refurbish (As Needed) 6 Months (Prior to Winter and After Summer) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £240.00 Price includes cleaning Fire/Smoke Alarms Check batteries, test function, and replace if needed 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement alarm  £115.00 Indicates replacement Cooling System System Evaluation, recharge, system cleaning (6 Months Prior to Summer and After Winter) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £310.00 Includes Recharge Lighting Light bulb replacement, system overhaul as needed Monthly as Needed, 6 months for major systems Ladder, Replacement Bulbs, Replacement Housing  £85.00 Includes Replacement of bulbs at 6 month interval Weather proofing Reapply stripping to interior and exterior door and window seals Anuual (Prior to Winter) Weather Stripping, Sealant  £110.00 Includes replacement throughout building Windows Cleaned, debris removed, function certified 3 Months (Seasonal) Ladder, Scaffolding  £270.00 Includes Cleaning and scaffolding rental Drainage Analysis All drains inspected for free flow action and plumbing repaired as needed Annual (Prior to Summer) Snaking system, chemical unblock system  £320.00 Includes Cleaning of problem areas Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior Annual (Prior to Spring) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) Annual (After Autum) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection TOTAL ANNUAL COST  £2,260.00 Medium Term The medium term responsibilities offer an ideal time frame for replacement and refurbishment that includes more substantial, and generally, more costly repairs than those attempted in the short term. The expectation remains that any problem which arises during routine inspections must be dealt with according to the needs of the university, not the maintenance schedule or proposed budget. Through adherence to this strategy throughout the whole life costing of the structure, quality will be maintained and the overall lifecycle costs will be reduced. Primary Systems Maintenance The primary systems evaluated during the medium term are directly related to the essential operations of the structure, including those systems which can debilitate and detract from the consistent workings of the building, including the boiler, the electrical system, and the gutter system. Recognising that the replacement of these systems at the medium term interval will substantially improve cost savings over emergency repair and expensive maintenance projects is a priority for committee members. The boiler replacement is most likely one of the most expensive, but most rewarding measures to be taken at the medium term interval. Given that the average life-span of a boiler could potentially last longer than the ten year period listed here, the maintenance team must be able to recognise the characteristics of a well-functioning or suffering unit and offer advice regarding its condition during standard evaluations before and after this period. Replacement is highly recommended at the ten year mark because this essential systems component could substantially increase costs of a disaster repair in the event of its failure. Analysis of the electrical system will be included within the survey report conducted at the short-term intervals and expanded into the full spectrum 10 year evaluation in the medium term. Those systems which are deemed faulty during this period should be replaced immediately, as malfunctioning electrical systems can become an unanticipated fire hazard. Replacing the electrical system at ten year intervals ensures that the insulation efficacy is maintained and that updated wiring is installed for new technology to function properly. Finally, within the primary systems, the gutter and down pipe components become an essential mode of structural preservation, as the water transport away from the building limits the amount of erosion and decay over a lengthy period of time. At the ten year period, however, the prediction is that most of the system will have begun to demonstrate signs of wear, specifically around the hardware and jointing sections of the unit. Repair teams should undergo substantial overhaul to replace mounting brackets and pipe couplings as well as replacing any sections of the system which are cracking or developing holes due to exposure to the elements. Secondary Systems Maintenance The medium term secondary systems are represented by those that both enhance the standard operations of the structure and offer the most cost versus value refurbishment within the maintenance system. Although primary systems are deemed essential components, the high visibility of the secondary systems ensures that they are of an essential nature to the continued functioning of the structure. The building decoration, and in essence, the prescribed character of the interior structure is a maintenance project that requires substantial investment and vision. External contractors participating in the decoration revision every six years should replace drapes and visible accessories, alter furniture to match the expected period representation, and dramatically alter any additional components which add to the building aesthetics. The cost in this plan is a best case scenario cost and will have to be updated according to the broad range of needs. Aligned with redecoration, the repair and replacement of both internal and external finishes dramatically improves the user perception of the building, supporting operations and ensuring that during this activity that walls and beams are in good repair. While the costs in these sections are an estimate, paint quality must be chosen of a high enough grade to endure elements and use over the coming decade, and of a colouring that matches the prescribed decoration aesthetics of the contractors’ vision. Finally, within the medium term, updating carpet and repairing the flooring become enhancement variables which ensure both function and aesthetics are aligned throughout the building. Although the wear lifecycle of both of these systems may offer a longer term operation, by replacing these components within the medium interval sustains the overall appearance of the building as well as identifies any underfoot rot or decay which could cause substantial problems later in the building lifecycle. These costs are only estimates, and depending on the quality or installation costs, the replacement of these elements could be substantially higher. Medium Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Decoration All interior and exterior decorative features cleaned or retouched as needed, application of desired new features 6 Years Added moulding and New decoration features  £1,400.00 Includes interior design revision Interior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout interior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £2,800.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Exterior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout exterior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £3,200.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Gutters Gutters repaired or replaced as needed 10 Years Remove and Replace hardware  £1,100.00 Includes hardware replacement and repair to system Boiler Boiler system cleaned, repaired, or replaced 10 Years New Boiler System  £2,200.00 Replacement of Boiler System Heating System System Features and couplings replaced, vent system replaced 10 Years New vent system  £2,700.00 Includes labour and cost of new venting system Flooring All Flooring examined for structural soundness and replaced as needed 7 Years New Flooring  £1,700.00 Includes New Flooring Carpeting All carpeting examined for fraying and stains and replaced as needed 7 Years Replacement Carpet  £1,400.00 Includes New Carpeting Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Electrical Eval Explore electrical system and replace any frayed wiring or non-working areas 8 Years New Wiring system  £1,700.00 Includes cost of new wiring system Roofing Repatch Patch and fill areas demonstrating extensive wear or lack of structural stability 5 years Roofing shingles or covering  £400.00 Includes labour and new shingles Damp proofing Analyse all areas for wet seepage, fill and fix problem areas 7 Years Mastic replacement and filling  £700.00 Includes replacement of all mastic and fillings Drainage Clear Drains cleaned and pumped through ensuring proper rate of flow 4 years Pressurised Cleaning  £350.00 Complete system cleaning and pumping TOTAL MEDIUM TERM COSTS  £20,130.00 Long Term As the building lifecycle reaches the long term variables of the maintenance plan, substantial wear and repair throughout the passage of time will have altered many of the structural variables within the system. From this perspective, an according chart of timelines must be maintained to identify when particular items have been replaced prior to the lifecycle prediction. Overall, the long term costs will be substantially higher than either the short or medium term; however, the replacement of major systems offers an improved structural integrity and preserves the structure for many more decades of use. Primary Systems Maintenance As with the other timeline components,